| | PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES - CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AND |
| | 1,74 | | MB | HEALTHCARE RESPONSE |
| | 357 | | stron |
| | 5828 | | ID | Dianova International |
| | 2001 | | rok |
| | INDEX |
| | PROLOG I - XV |
| | A NEW THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY FOR THE NEW CENTURY |
| | Domingo COMAS ARNAU |
| | INTRODUCTION 1 |
| | - Drugs consumption 5 |
| | - The distribution of drugs 7 |
| | - Drugs production 9 |
| | CHAPTER ONE |
| | THE DEMAND FOR PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES 14 |
| | 1. Consumption on a worldwide scale 15 |
| | 1.1. Cannabis 15 |
| | 1.2. Amphetamine Derivatives 16 |
| | 1.3. Cocaine 17 |
| | 1.4. Heroin 18 |
| | 1.5. HIV/AIDS 19 |
| | 1.6. Methods of consumption 20 |
| | 1.7. Conclusions 20 |
| | 2. Tendencies and patterns of consumption on a worldwide scale 21 |
| | 2.1. Cannabis 21 |
| | 2.2. Amphetamine Derivatives 23 |
| | 2.3. Cocaine 24 |
| | 2.4. Opiates 26 |
| | 3. The worldwide extension of drug abuse 27 |
| | 3.1. Conclusions 27 |
| | 4. Drugs use amongst young people (15-24 years) 28 |
| | 4.1. Cannabis 29 |
| | 4.2. Ecstasy 29 |
| | 4.3. Cocaine 30 |
| | 4.4. Heroin 30 |
| | 4.5. Volatile substances 31 |
| | 5. The cost and consequences of drugs abuse 32 |
| | 5.1. Demand for treatment 32 |
| | 5.2. Dangers posed to health 35 |
| | 5.2.1. Cannabis 35 |
| | 5.2.2. Crack and cocaine 35 |
| | 5.2.3. Heroin 36 |
| | 5.2.4. Amphetamine Derivatives 36 |
| | 5.2.5. Ecstasy 37 |
| | 5.2.6. Volatile Substances 37 |
| | 5.2.7. HIV/AIDS and intravenous drugs users 38 |
| | 02.2001©Dianova International a |
| | CHAPTER TWO |
| | CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AND HEALTHCARE RESPONSE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 40 |
| | 1. Study by substances 41 |
| | 1.1. Cannabis 41 |
| | 1.2. Amphetamines, Ecstasy and LSD 42 |
| | 1.2.1. Situation by country: 43 |
| | - Austria 44 |
| | - Denmark, Finland and Sweden 44 |
| | - France 45 |
| | - Germany 46 |
| | - Greece 47 |
| | - Ireland 48 |
| | - Italy 48 |
| | - Luxembourg 48 |
| | - Holland 49 |
| | - Portugal 50 |
| | - Spain 50 |
| | - United Kingdom 51 |
| | 1.3. Opiates 53 |
| | 1.4. Cocaine 53 |
| | 2. Consumption prevalence in the EU 54 |
| | 2.1. Consumption of drugs amongst the general population 54 |
| | 3. Demand for Treatment 55 |
| | 4. Infectious diseases associated with drugs 56 |
| | 5. Addictions and their consequences on neonatal health 57 |
| | 5.1. Alcohol 57 |
| | 5.2. Cocaine 57 |
| | 5.3. Cannabis 58 |
| | 5.4. Heroin 58 |
| | 6. Drugs-related deathse 58 |
| | 7. Healthcare Response 59 |
| | 7.1. Harm minimisation 59 |
| | 7.2. General classification of treatments 60 |
| | - Concept of effectiveness of a treatment 62 |
| | 7.2.1. Rapid Antagonising of Opiates 62 |
| | 7.2.1.1. Materials and method 64 |
| | 7.2.2. Substitution Treatments 66 |
| | 7.2.2.1. Methadone 66 |
| | - Results 67 |
| | - Quality of life 68 |
| | - Evaluation 69 |
| | - Functional characteristics of treatments using methadone. 70 |
| | - Methadone treatment inclusion and expulsion criteria. 71 |
| | - Dose 72 |
| | - Types and duration of treatments 73 |
| | - Methods of methadone administration 74 |
| | - Incidence of the consumption of cocaine derivatives in patients included on MMPs 75 |
| | 7.2.2.2. Naltrexone 75 |
| | - Historical development of maintenance programmes using naltrexone 77 |
| | - Pharmodynamic properties 78 |
| | - Side effects 78 |
| | - Retention on a programme of naltrexone and transformation of the areas affected by the |
| | addiction 79 |
| | - Evolution of cocaine consumption. 79 |
| | - Evolution of alcohol consumption 80 |
| | - Treatment Plan 80 |
| | - Induction 81 |
| | - Stabilisation 81 |
| | - Maintenance 82 |
| | - Duration of treatment 82 |
| | - Indications 82 |
| | 7.2.2.3. Buprenorphine 83 |
| | - Historical background 83 |
| | - Buprenorphine as an aid in giving up opiates consumption 85 |
| | - Buprenorphine and cocaine 86 |
| | - Buprenorphine and risks of overdose 87 |
| | - Buprenorphine and hepatic toxicity 88 |
| | - Buprenorphine and dependency 89 |
| | - Buprenorphine and pregnancy 90 |
| | 7.3. Low threshold services 91 |
| | 7.3.1. Controlled prescription of heroin 92 |
| | 7.4. Drugs consumers and the criminal justice system 94 |
| | CHAPTER THREE |
| | THE SITUATION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE 95 |
| | 1. Historical and current consumption patterns 97 |
| | 2. Specific drugs and tendencies 97 |
| | 3. The legal response 98 |
| | 4. Reduction in drugs demand 98 |
| | 5. Synthetic Drugs 99 |
| | CHAPTER FOUR |
| | THE SITUATION IN THE UNITED STATES 100 |
| | 1. National Trends 101 |
| | 1.2. Marihuana 101 |
| | 1.3. Cocaine 102 |
| | 1.4. Heroin 103 |
| | 1.5. Amphetamine Derivatives (ATS) 104 |
| | 2. Consumption patterns amongst Secondary students 105 |
| | 2.1. Consumption by substance 106 |
| | 2.1.1. Marihuana 106 |
| | 2.1.2. Cocaine 107 |
| | 2.1.3. LSD 107 |
| | 2.1.4. Volatile substances 108 |
| | 2.1.5. Alcohol 108 |
| | 3. Treatment Trends 109 |
| | 3.1. Treatment 109 |
| | 3.1.1. Crack and Cocaine 109 |
| | 3.1.2. Heroin 110 |
| | 3.2. Types of treatment programmes 111 |
| | 4. Social costs 114 |
| | 5. Therapeutic medications 114 |
| | 6. The consequences of drug use for women 116 |
| | 6.1. Risks associated with drugs abuse 116 |
| | 6.2. Drug abuse and AIDS 117 |
| | 6.3. Treatment for women 117 |