| | ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE REVIEWS: GREECE |
| | 2,41 | | MB |
| | 197 | | stron |
| | 5830 | | ID | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| | 2000 | | rok |
| | DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | Foreword. 3 |
| | General Introduction 5 |
| | List of Figures and Tables . 12 |
| | Abbreviations and Signs 14 |
| | List of Team Members . 17 |
| | CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 19 |
| | 1. Implementing Environmental Policies 20 |
| | Strengthening the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of environmental policies 20 |
| | Water 22 |
| | Air . 24 |
| | Nature . 25 |
| | 2. Towards Sustainable Development . 27 |
| | Integrating environmental concerns in economic decisions . 27 |
| | Towards sustainable urban and coastal development 29 |
| | Towards sustainable tourism 30 |
| | 3. International Co-operation 31 |
| | REPORT |
| | 1. THE CONTEXT . 35 |
| | 1. The Physical Context . 35 |
| | 2. The Human Context . 36 |
| | 3. The Economic Context. 37 |
| | 4. The Institutional Context 41 |
| | National environmental administration 41 |
| | Regional environmental administration (regions and prefectures) . 46 |
| | Environmental tasks of municipalities. 46 |
| | 5. Environmental Policy and Legislation 47 |
| | Part I |
| | POLLUTION CONTROL AND NATURE CONSERVATION |
| | 2. WATER MANAGEMENT 51 |
| | 1. Current Situation and Trends . 51 |
| | Freshwater resources . 51 |
| | Water quality. 52 |
| | Pressures on water resources 53 |
| | 2. Responses . 56 |
| | Objectives . 56 |
| | Legal and institutional framework . 58 |
| | Regulatory instruments. 59 |
| | Prices and charges . 61 |
| | Funding and expenditure 63 |
| | 3. Environmental Performance. 64 |
| | Water quantity. 64 |
| | Drinking water. 65 |
| | Water quality. 66 |
| | 3. AIR MANAGEMENT . 69 |
| | 1. Air Pollution Situation and Trends 69 |
| | Emissions of atmospheric pollutants 69 |
| | Ambient air quality 71 |
| | 2. Responses . 73 |
| | Objectives . 73 |
| | Measures to prevent and control air pollution. 73 |
| | Expenditure on air pollution prevention and control 78 |
| | Air quality management and the energy sector 78 |
| | Air quality management and transport 82 |
| | 3. Environmental Performance. 84 |
| | Air management . 84 |
| | Integration of air pollution concerns in sectoral policies . 87 |
| | 4. BIODIVERSITY AND NATURE CONSERVATION. 89 |
| | 1. The State of and Pressures on Nature. 89 |
| | Status and trends 89 |
| | Pressures on ecosystems, habitats and species 91 |
| | 2. Responses . 92 |
| | Objectives . 92 |
| | Institutional and legal framework 93 |
| | Habitat and landscape conservation. 93 |
| | Protection of species 96 |
| | Expenditure on nature conservation . 97 |
| | International co-operation . 98 |
| | 3. Environmental Performance. 99 |
| | Protected areas 99 |
| | Species protection 100 |
| | International obligations 101 |
| | Policy integration 101 |
| | Part II |
| | INTEGRATION OF POLICIES |
| | 5. ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC POLICIES 107 |
| | 1. Towards Sustainable Development . 107 |
| | Environmental impact of economic development . 107 |
| | Economic impact of environmental policies 112 |
| | 2. Instruments for Policy Integration. 114 |
| | Institutional context . 114 |
| | Use of regulatory instruments. 115 |
| | Environmental investment programming 118 |
| | Use of economic instruments . 119 |
| | Other instruments . 123 |
| | 3. Environmental Performance. 125 |
| | Integration of environmental concerns in economic policies 126 |
| | Implementation of environmental policies. 128 |
| | 6. SECTORAL INTEGRATION: COASTAL AND URBAN MANAGEMENT 131 |
| | 1. Trends in Coastal and Urban Development and the Environment. 131 |
| | Coastal and urban development. 131 |
| | Environmental conditions 134 |
| | 2. Responses . 137 |
| | Policy objectives and institutional framework . 137 |
| | Regulation of the built environment 139 |
| | Measures for environmental management in urbanised areas. 140 |
| | 3. Environmental Performance. 143 |
| | Controlling land use and urban development . 143 |
| | Mitigating the environmental impact of urban development . 145 |
| | 7. SECTORAL INTEGRATION: TOURISM 147 |
| | 1. Tourism and the Environment 147 |
| | Current situation and trends . 147 |
| | Related environmental conditions. 151 |
| | 2. Responses . 154 |
| | Policy objectives and institutional framework . 154 |
| | Measures towards sustainable tourism 156 |
| | 3. Towards Sustainability of the Tourism Sector 162 |
| | Fostering implementation of recent tourism policy . 162 |
| | Integrating environmental concerns in tourism-related decision making 163 |
| | Part III |
| | CO-OPERATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY |
| | 8. INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION 167 |
| | 1. Bilateral Co-operation 167 |
| | 2. Co-operation within the European Union . 169 |
| | 3. Regional Co-operation . 170 |
| | Transboundary air pollution 170 |
| | Marine pollution 171 |
| | 4. Climate Change and Other Global Issues 176 |
| | Climate change. 176 |
| | Ozone depleting substances 178 |
| | Biological diversity 178 |
| | Follow up to UNCED. 179 |
| | Funding international environmental co-operation 180 |
| | Development aid. 180 |
| | 5. Environmental Performance. 181 |
| | Regional co-operation. 181 |
| | Global co-operation 184 |
| | ANNEXES |
| | I. Selected environmental data 186 |
| | II. Selected economic data and trends . 188 |
| | III.A Selected multilateral agreements (worldwide) 190 |
| | III.B Selected multilateral agreements (regional) . 196 |
| | IV. Chronology of selected environmental events (1990-99) . 201 |