SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION: POLICY OF THE

0,47

MB

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

66

stron

5844

ID

United Nations Environment Programme

2006

rok

INTRODUCTION 4

PART I SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION IN RUSSIA: CURRENT SITUATION AND TRENDS 5

1. Macroeconomic Factors 5

2. Social and demographic factors 12

3. Household Consumption. 14

3.1 Transport 14

3.2 Consumption of durable and expendable goods . 17

3.3 Tourism and Recreation 22

3.4 The Energy Sector. 24

3.5 Water Consumption by Households . 26

3.6 Ambient Air . 28

3.7 Water Resources . 30

3.8 Waste Management in Production and Consumption Sectors 31

3.9 Forest Resources . 33

3.10 Natural Reserves and Protected Areas 33

3.11 Environmental Investments. 34

PART II SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION: POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN

FEDERATION 36

1. General policy strategies and instruments 36

1.1 Consumer policy . 37

1.2 Economic Instruments. 38

1.2.1 Pollution fees 38

1.2.2 Governmental Procurement . 41

1.3 Informational tools 41

1.3.1 Education for sustainable development . 41

1.3.2 Environmental Certification and Labeling. 42

1.4 Corporate Social Responsibility . 45

1.5 Analytical Tools. 45

1.5.1 Indicators. 45

2. Sectoral issues 46

2.1 Industry/cleaner production 46

2.1.1 Environmental Management and Audit Scheme (‘EMAS’) 46

2.1.2 Environmental Liability . 47

2.2 Housing and Construction. 49

2.3 Agriculture and forestry 50

2.3.1 Agriculture . 50

2.3.2 Forestry . 50

2.4 Fisheries . 51

2.5 Transport 52

2.6 Energy 53

2.6.1 Russian Climate Change Policy. 54

2.7 Waste 57

2.8 Chemicals. 59