TECHNOLOGIES FOR REDUCED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FROM

1,15

MB

SHIPS

194

stron

5854

ID

Norwegian University of Science and Technology

2003

rok

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION.4

2 CURRENT STATUS OF SHIPPING EMISSION & DISCHARGE INVENTORIES.5

2.1 INTRODUCTION 5

2.2 EMISSIONS TO AIR 6

2.2.1 Exhaust emissions 6

2.2.2 Refrigerants and fire fighting agents. 6

2.2.3 Cargo vapour emissions.7

2.3 EMISSIONS TO WATER. 9

2.3.1 Oil9

2.3.2 Antifouling coatings .11

2.3.3 Ballast water .12

2.4 WASTE STREAMS. 13

2.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS. 14

3 CHAPTER 2: THEMATIC AREA 1: SHIP BUILDING AND SHIP MAINTENANCE15

3.1 INTRODUCTION 15

3.2 HULL DESIGN 15

3.2.1 General.15

3.2.2 Methods for reducing fuel consumption through hull form optimisation 15

3.2.3 Methods of reducing environmental impact from loss of structural integrity due to collision,

grounding and other causes 16

3.2.4 Methods of reducing wave/wash generation 22

3.2.5 Methods of reducing noise and vibration .23

3.2.6 Hull design: Conclusions .25

3.3 USE OF NEW MATERIALS 26

3.3.1 Introduction 26

3.3.2 High tensile steel26

3.3.3 Aluminium .27

3.3.4 Plastics and fibre reinforced composites .28

3.3.5 Combining dissimilar materials .30

3.3.6 Recent and ongoing R&D projects 30

3.3.7 Needs for future R&D.32

3.4 BUILDING PROCESSES 32

3.4.1 Introduction 32

3.4.2 Cutting and joining.33

3.4.3 Erection and outfitting .33

3.4.4 Surface preparation and surface protection: Sandblasting and painting34

3.4.5 The ship life cycle - environmental impact in the building period.34

3.4.6 Building processes – Conclusions.34

3.5 SHIP MAINTENANCE PROCESSES 38

3.5.1 Introduction 38

3.5.2 Releases from paint / coating systems for corrosion control and antifouling 38

3.5.3 Corrosion control and the problem of inspection 42

3.5.4 Maintenance of machinery and auxiliary systems .44

3.5.5 Shipyard practices; guidelines for shipyard management .47

3.6 SHIP DISMANTLING. 47

3.6.1 Introduction 47

3.6.2 Important environmental aspects 48

3.6.3 Trends48

3.6.4 The ship breaking nations.49

3.6.5 R&D projects: Handling and disposal.49

3.6.6 Conclusions; needs for future R&D 49

4 THEMATIC AREA 2 – TECHNOLOGY SHIFTS IN POWER GENERATION51

4.1 INTRODUCTION 51

4.2 SHIP PROPULSION BY GAS TURBINES. 51

4.2.1 State-of-the-Art51

4.2.2 Future Technologies 57

4.2.3 Research project “SHIP PROPULSION BY GAS TURBINES” .64

4.2.4 Programme for R&D (for gas turbines)65

4.3 fuel cell propulsion 65

4.3.1 Introduction 65

4.3.2 Fuel Cells.65

4.3.3 Stationary Fuel Cell Application .72

4.3.4 Mobile Fuel Cell Applications .77

4.3.5 Marine applications.86

5 THEMATIC AREA 3: OPERATIONAL ASPECTS 97

5.1 IMPACT FROM NORMAL OPERATION 97

5.1.1 Definition of emissions and releases from normal operation.97

5.1.2 Current knowledge related to emissions from ships.97

5.1.3 Technical potential for pollution red uction99

5.1.4 Need for future R&D 105

5.2 PREVENTION OF SHIP ACCIDENTAL POLLUTION 105

5.2.1 Introduction 105

5.2.2 Organisational aspects106

5.2.3 Classification societies and authorities .106

5.2.4 Human factors107

5.2.5 Technological aspect 108

5.3 DAMAGE CONTROL. 110

5.3.1 Oil spill intervention and control planning .110

5.3.2 Technologies and systems.113

5.3.3 National and EC research projects – overview 115

5.3.4 National and EC projects –details .115

5.3.5 Future Challenges and research requirements 119

5.4 Integrated quality, safety and environmental management system. 121

5.4.1 Skills and abilities of crew members 121

5.4.2 Management system of the ship.121

5.4.3 Other actions 121

5.4.4 Future needs .121

6 THEMATIC AREA 4 - INTEGRATION OF TECHNOLOGIES 123

6.1 INTRODUCTION 123

6.2 RULES AND REGULATIONS. 123

6.2.1 International law relating to marine pollution123

6.2.2 Law of the Sea Convention.124

6.2.3 International conventions 124

6.2.4 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships125

6.2.5 European Community legislation.129

6.2.6 The Commission’s ERIKA Proposals130

6.2.7 Rules and regulations specific to the TRESHIP areas .131

6.2.8 Non-Regulatory Influences134

6.2.9 Legislation and Guidelines: Latest Developments 134

6.3 DESIGN METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND SHIPS. 136

6.3.1 The Ship Design Process 137

6.3.2 Ship designs incorporating additional environmental design aspects 137

6.3.3 Current research addressing environmentally sound ship design.139

6.4 RISK ANALYSIS METHODS 139

6.4.1 Review of events and environmental inputs 139

6.4.2 Probability of the events .140

6.4.3 Linking the events to resultant environmental damage or pollution 141

6.4.4 Applications of environmental risk analysis (ERA) in ship design.142

6.5 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT 142

6.5.1 Introduction - the LCA Framework.142

6.5.2 Integration of ship design into life cycle analysis .144

6.5.3 Challenges in the application of LCA for ships .145

6.5.4 Related programmes and projects 147

6.5.5 Identified knowledge gaps 147

6.5.6 Methods for LCA .147

6.5.7 Tools and Databases for LCA .151

7 THEMATIC NETWORK PARTNERS AND RESPONSIBILITIES.155