An Estimate of Eco-Industries in the European Union 1994

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ECOTEC Research & Consulting Limited

2001

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CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 This Report 1

1.2 Objectives of the Study 1

1.3 The Definition of Eco-Industries Used in the Study 1

1.4 Analysis of EU Eco-industries 5

1.5 Overview of the Research Approach 5

1.6 Structure of the Report 7

2.0 STUDY METHODOLOGY 9

2.1 Demand and Supply of Eco-Industry Products 9

2.2 Framework for Data Collection of Environmental Expenditure To Assess Eco-Industries 9

2.3 National Template for Data Collection 14

2.4 Company Listings and Database 15

2.5 Analyses of Trade in Environmental Products 16

2.6 Engineering Analysis 18

2.7 Available Data on Environmental Expenditure 21

2.8 Confidence of Data 24

3.0 MARKET SIZE OF EU ECO-INDUSTRIES 29

3.1 Introduction, Approach and Data Sources 29

3.2 Total EU Market for Environmental Goods and Services 32

3.3 EU Environmental Expenditure by Domain 35

3.4 Capital and Operating Expenditure, Investment and Value Added 38

3.5 Expenditure By Actors - Private Sector, Public Sector and Households 39

3.6 Previous Growth and Future Prospects of EU Eco-Industries 42

3.7 Comparative Overview 44

4.0 TRADE AND COMPETITION 47

4.1 Introduction, Approach and Data Sources 47

4.2 Trade Between EU and the Rest of the World 47

4.3 Comparative Strengths and Weaknesses - Internal EU 49

4.4 Country to Country Trade - Major Exporters and Importers 51

4.5 Effect of Trade on Market Estimates 53

4.6 Interpretation of Results and Data Comparability 54

5.0 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 55

5.1 Introduction 55

5.2 The Role of Public and Private Actors 55

5.3 Structure of the Industry 55

5.4 Recent Changes to Market Structure and Internationalisation 56

5.5 Drivers for the Market 57

5.6 Prospects 61

6.0 EMPLOYMENT 63

6.1 Introduction 63

6.2 Direct Employment 64

6.3 Indirect Employment Impact due to Environmental Expenditure 70

6.4 Total Employment 72

6.5 Interpretation of Results and Data Comparability 74

6.6 Other Estimates of Employment 75

6.7 Growth in Employment 76

7.0 CONCLUSIONS 77

7.1 The Economic Significance of EU Eco-Industries 77

7.2 Confidence and Uncertainty 78

7.3 Further Work: Conclusions on Statistics 79

7.4 Further Work: Economic and Policy Analysis 80

ANNEXES

Annex 1 Supporting Data

Annex 2 Detailed Country Profiles

Annex 3 HERMES results