ENVIRONMENT AND EMPLOYMENT: AN ASSESSMENT

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

2004

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 3

1.1 Background 3

1.2 Objectives 4

1.3 Structure of the report 4

CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENT-RELATED EMPLOYMENT IN OECD COUNTRIES 5

2.1 Measuring environment-related employment effects 5

2.2 Available information on environment-related employment in OECD countries 12

2.3 Conclusions 24

CHAPTER 3: INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL AND EMPLOYMENT OBJECTIVES AT THE

‘LOCAL’ LEVEL 25

3.1 Introduction 25

3.2 Bottom-up approaches for integration of employment and environmental Objectives: An

Overview 26

3.3 Bottom-up approaches aiming at integrating employment and environmental objectives:

available evidence 30

3.4 Impacts of Bottom-up Approaches 37

3.5 Analysis of factors for the success of territorial initiatives 41

3.6 Conclusions 43

CHAPTER 4: ECONOMY-WIDE EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES

USING ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS 44

4.1 Introduction 44

4.2 The “double dividend” hypothesis 45

4.3 Evaluations using econometric models 51

4.4 Analyses using applied general equilibrium models 57

4.5 Endogenous technical progress 65

4.6 Conclusions 68

CHAPTER 5: GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 70

REFERENCES 76

ANNEX I: QUESTIONNAIRE ON ENVIRONMENT-RELATED EMPLOYMENT 84

ANNEX II: LOCAL INITIATIVES FOCUSSING ON EMPLOYMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL

OBJECTIVES: EXPERIENCES IN OECD COUNTRIES 86

ANNEX III: MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEMESIS MODEL 94

ANNEX IV: EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS OF POLICIES IN EUROPE TO LIMIT CO2 EMISSIONS:

SIMULATIONS USING THE NEMESIS MODEL 98