EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project Profile of the

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Pulp and Paper Industry

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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

1998

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Pulp and Paper Industry Sector Notebook Contents

Exhibits Index . iii

List of Acronyms v

I. INTRODUCTION TO THE SECTOR NOTEBOOK PROJECT 1

A. Summary of the Sector Notebook Project 1

B. Additional Information 2

II. INTRODUCTION TO THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY 3

A. Introduction, Background, and Scope of the Notebook 3

B. Characterization of the Pulp and Paper Industry . 4

1. Industry Size and Geographic Distribution . 5

2. Product Characterization . 10

3. Economic Trends . 13

III. INDUSTRIAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION 15

A. Industrial Processes in the Pulp and Paper Industry 15

1. Pulp Manufacture . 18

2. Pulp Processing 25

3. Bleaching . 30

4. Stock Preparation 34

5. Processes in Paper Manufacture 35

6. Energy Generation 37

B. Raw Material Inputs and Pollution Outputs in the Production Line 38

C. Management of Chemicals in Wastestream 48

IV. CHEMICAL RELEASE AND TRANSFER PROFILE . 51

A. EPA Toxics Releases Inventory For the Pulp and Paper Industry 54

B. Summary of Selected Chemicals Released . 59

C. Other Data Sources 63

D. Comparison of Toxic Release Inventory Between Selected Industries 64

V. POLLUTION PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES . 69

VI. SUMMARY OF APPLICABLE FEDERAL STATUTES AND REGULATIONS 77

A. General Description of Major Statutes . 77

B. Industry Specific Requirements . 88

C. Pending and Proposed Regulatory Requirements 92

VII. COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT HISTORY 97

A. Pulp and Paper Industry Compliance History 101

B. Comparison of Enforcement Activity Between Selected Industries . 103

C. Review of Major Legal Actions 108

1. Review of Major Cases . 108

2. Supplementary Environmental Projects 109

VIII. COMPLIANCE ACTIVITIES AND INITIATIVES . 113

A. EPA Voluntary Programs 113

B. Trade Association/Industry Sponsored Activities . 119

1. Environmental Programs 119

2. Summary of Trade Associations . 120

IX. CONTACTS/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS/RESOURCE MATERIALS/BIBLIOGRAPHY 123

End Notes . 127