DRINKING WATER CRITERIA DOCUMENT FOR CHLORAMINES

2,02

MB

155

stron

5908

ID

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

2002

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. SUMMARY I-1

II. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES . II-1

INTRODUCTION II-1

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CHLORAMINES II-2

USES OF CHLORAMINES II-11

ANALYTICAL METHODS . II-12

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND TRANSPORT . II-16

SUMMARY II-17

III. TOXICOKINETICS III-1

INTRODUCTION III-1

ABSORPTION III-1

DISTRIBUTION . III-2

METABOLISM III-6

EXCRETION . III-11

DISCUSSION III-14

SUMMARY III-16

IV. HUMAN EXPOSURE . IV-1

V. HEALTH EFFECTS IN ANIMALS . V-1

INTRODUCTION V-1

SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE . V-1

OTHER SHORT-TERM EFFECTS V-15

LONG-TERM EXPOSURE V-16

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY . V-20

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY . V-21

MUTAGENECITY . V-23

CARCINOGENICITY . V-26

SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION . V-31

VI. HEALTH EFFECTS IN HUMANS . VI-1

INTRODUCTION VI-1

CLINICAL REPORTS AND EXPERIMENTS . VI-1

EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES VI-4

HIGH-RISK SUBPOPULATIONS . VI-6

SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION . VI-7

VII. MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY VII-1

GENERAL THEORIES . VII-1

SUMMARY VII-3

VIII. QUANTIFICATION OF TOXICOLOGIC EFFECTS VIII-1

INTRODUCTION VIII-1

CURRENT LEVELS OF EXPOSURE VIII-7

NONCARCINOGENIC EFFECTS . VIII-7

QUANTIFICATION OF NONCARCINOGENIC EFFECTS VIII-14

Derivation of 1-Day Health Advisory VIII-14

Derivation of 10-Day Health Advisory . VIII-15

Derivation of Longer-term HA . VIII-16

Assessment of Lifetime Exposure and Derivation of a DWEL VIII-17

CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS . VIII-19

EXISTING GUIDELINES, RECOMMENDATIONS AND STANDARDS VIII-21

SPECIAL GROUPS AT RISK VIII-21

RISK CHARACTERIZATION . VIII-22

REFERENCES . IX-1