Guidance Document on Cadmium and its Compounds

0,19

MB

51

stron

5937

ID

Helsinki Commission

2002

rok

TABLE OF CONTENT

Background.4

1. Identification and quantification of sources .5

1.1 Production and Use6

1.1.1 Production .6

1.1.2 Use7

1.1.2.1 Particulars on NiCd rechargeable batteries.10

1.2 Sources of emissions and discharges .11

1.2.1 General11

1.2.2 HELCOM area.13

2. Pathways to the marine environment, monitoring data, and assessment of the extent of

problems14

2.1 Pathways to the marine environment.15

2.1.1 General15

2.1.2 HELCOM area.16

2.2 Monitoring data .17

2.2.1 General European background levels 17

2.2.2 HELCOM area.18

2.3 Assessment of the extent of problems.19

2.3.1 European.19

2.3.2 HELCOM Area 20

3. Identification of possible measures and instruments21

3.1 Measures required by EU legislation or international agreements21

3.2 Other existing or new measures and instruments .22

3.2.1 Ongoing activities within the European Union 22

3.2.2 National initiatives .23

3.2.3 Alternative measures 24

4. Proposals for possible HELCOM actions 24

4.1 Evaluation of the need for actions at HELCOM level 24

4.2 Proposals for HELCOM actions .25

5. List of References 27

Annex 1: Cadmium usage.29

Annex 2: Cadmium releases.32

Annex 3: Transcription of Contracting Party replies concerning cadmium legislation.37

Annex 4: Current international legislation and agreements concerning cadmium use and emissions

(EU, HELCOM, OSPAR). 47

Annex 5: Abbreviations .50