Comparison of bucket-wheel spoil and phosphogypsum/clay

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blend as substrates for Nonriverine Wet Hardwood Forest

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restoration

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University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

2003

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES.vii

LIST OF FIGURESviii

Introduction1

Purpose.1

LITERATURE REVIEW3

Restoration of Nonriverine Wet Hardwood Forests3

Shrub and Herbaceous Layer.6

Tree Layer, Why Oaks?.7

Tree Growth Studies Related to Blend as Substrate7

Cadmium and Nonriverine Wet Hardwood Forests.9

METHODS.13

Field Experiment.13

Greenhouse Experiment..15

Statistical Methods..16

RESULTS.17

Field Experiment.17

Field Experiment Cadmium..22

Greenhouse Experiment23

Greenhouse Experiment Cadmium.33

SUMMARY...34

CONCLUSIONS35

Recommendations for Restoration of Nonriverine Wet

Hardwood Forests at PCS Phosphate.35

FURTHER RESEARCH36

REFERENCES.38

APPENDICES 43

Appendix A. Soil Survey Near Porter Creek on PCS Land ..44

Appendix B. Site Map Near Porter Creek on PCS Land ..45

Appendix C. Wetland Research Area, R3.46

Appendix D. Plot Design of Field Experiment..46

Appendix E. Interaction Tables.47,48

Appendix F. Cadmium Conc. and Tree Growth Response Tables...49