Fly Ash Mixtures as Flexible Structural Materials for Low-

2,65

MB

Volume Roads

102

stron

5951

ID

Finnish Road Administration

2002

rok

Table of Contents

TIIVISTELMÄ

SAMMANFATTNING

SUMMARY

LIST OF PAPERS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

1 INTRODUCTION 15

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 17

3 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY AND METHODOLOGY 20

3.1 NRC-structures 20

3.2 Upgrading material properties 21

3.2.1 Proportion of components in the material mixes 21

3.2.2 Stabilisation 22

3.2.3 Storage 22

3.2.4 Mixing and compaction 24

3.3 Criteria and acceptability tests on materials 25

3.3.1 Criteria on materials 25

3.3.2 Testing of materials 26

4 MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS 32

4.1 Fly Ashes (FA) 32

4.2 Improvement of FA properties with binders 37

FA mixtures with other industrial residues 41

4.3.1 Fibre-ash 42

4.3.2 Gypsum-ash 43

4.3.3. Slag-ash 44

4.4 FA as binder 48

4.4.1 Stabilisation of soft soil 48

4.4.2 Stabilisation of old road structures 51

4.5 Long-term stability of materials 54

4.5.1 Water resistance, frost resistance and freeze-thaw durability 54

4.5.2 Frost susceptibility 58

4.5.3 Biodegradability 58

4.6 Environmental impacts 59

5 FULL-SCALE TESTS ON NRC-STRUCTURES 60

5.1 Different types of NRC-structures 60

5.2 Test sites 62

5.3 Tests on recycled structures 63

5.4 Storage, equipment and work methods 64

5.5 Follow-up studies 73

6 EVALUATION OF NRC-TECHNOLOGY 80

6.1 Life Cycle 80

6.2 Economic and Environmental Benefits 81

6.3 Environmental Impact 85

7 CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH 87

7.1 In General 87

7.2 NRC-materials 87

7.3 Laboratory Tests 88

7.4 Environmental Acceptability 89

7.5 NRC-structures and -construction 89

7.6 Further Research 90

REFERENCES 92

APPENDICES 95