PHOSPHORUS FLOWS IN CHINA: Physical Profiles and

2,43

MB

Environmental Regulation

192

stron

5957

ID

Wageningen Universiteit

2005

rok

Contents

Preface v

Contents vii

Lists of Tables, Figures and Appendices ix

Abbreviations xi

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 General Introduction 1

1.2 Phosphorus Flows in Natural and Societal Contexts 2

1.2.1 The biogeochemical cycle of P substances 2

1.2.2 Societal metabolism of P bulk-materials: A historical view 3

1.2.3 P use and induced resource and environment issues 5

1.3 Eutrophication Control in China 7

1.3.1 The state of eutrophication as indicated by P 7

1.3.2 Eutrophication control approaches: a view of P flows 8

1.4 Research Questions 9

1.5 Structure of Thesis 10

Chapter 2 Research on Societal Metabolism of P: Methodology 13

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 Analyzing Societal Metabolism of P 14

2.2.1 Physical-based analytical methods 15

2.2.2 Material flow analysis approaches 17

2.2.3 Modeling P flows by a SFA approach 22

2.3 Implementation of Environmental Policy Evaluation 24

2.3.1 Methods of environmental policy evaluation 24

2.3.2 Evaluating P-related environmental policies in China 27

2.4 Research Strategy 28

2.5 Methods of Data Collection 29

Chapter 3 Material Flow and Ecological Restructuring in China: the Case of Phosphorus 33

Abstract 33

Keywords 33

3.1 Introduction 33

3.2 Material Flow Analysis and Ecological Restructuring 35

3.3 Framing National Phosphorus Flow 36

3.3.1 The static SFA model 36

3.3.2 Analysis and identification of the structure of flows 43

3.4 Ecological Restructuring Analysis 45

3.5 Discussion and Conclusions 48

References 50

Chapter 4 Evaluation of Phosphorus Flows in the Dianchi Watershed, Southwest of China 53

Abstract 53

Keywords 53

4.1 Introduction 53

4.2 The MFA/SFA Method and Phosphorus Metabolism 55

viii

4.3 The Case of Dianchi Watershed 57

4.4 Modeling Phosphorus Flow in Dianchi Watershed 59

4.4.1 Structure of the SFA Model 59

4.4.2 Results Discussion 61

4.5 Conclusion: Towards Prospects 65

References 66

Chapter 5 Reflection on the Substance Flow Analysis Approach 69

5.1 Introduction 69

5.2 Principles to Reduce Data Uncertainty 70

5.3 Development of PHOSFLOW Model in 2000 72

5.4 Modification of PHOSFAD Model 76

5.4.1 Mining and Phosphate Industry 76

5.4.2 Crop farming 78

5.4.3 Livestock husbandry 79

5.4.4 Population 80

5.4.5 Wastes treatment/ disposal 80

5.5 Comparative Analysis of Physical Characteristics 81

5.5.1 Aggregate Physical Structure 82

5.5.2 Sectoral Metabolic Efficiency 84

5.6 Discussion on the Changes in P Loads to Water 87

5.7 Conclusions: Setting an Agenda for Policy Evaluation 89

Chapter 6 Evaluation of P-related Environmental Regulation in China 93

6.1 Introduction 93

6.2 Regulation of P Emission from Intensive Livestock 94

6.2.1 Economic and environmental profiles of animal husbandry in China 95

6.2.2 The national regulatory framework: an ex ante evaluation 98

6.2.3 P regulation on animal husbandry in Dianchi Basin 104

6.3 Centralized Control for P in Urban Domestic Wastewater 108

6.3.1 Urban wastewater treatment and P control in China 108

6.3.2 Urban centralized P control in Dianchi Basin 115

6.4 The Ban of P Containing Detergents 119

6.4.1 STPP use in a global context: background of the P ban 119

6.4.2 Analysis of P detergents ban in China: An overview 121

6.4.3 Implementation of P detergents ban in Dianchi Basin 125

6.5 Discussions and Conclusions 128

Chapter 7 Ecologizing Societal P Metabolism: Conclusions 131

7.1 Introduction 131

7.2 Physical Characteristics of P Throughput 131

7.2.1 The physical structure of P throughputs 131

7.2.2 Structural change of societal P throughput: an outlook 134

7.3 Regulating the Societal P Metabolism 135

7.4 The Methodology and Its Application: A Revisit 138

7.4.1 Advantages and limitations of the methods 138

7.4.2 Applicability of this methodology for China 141

7.5 Epilogue: Towards a Gradual Restructuring of P Flows 143

References 145

Appendices 163

Summary 173

Samenvatting 175

About the Author 179