Radioactivity in Food and the Environment, 1995

1,62

MB

141

stron

5958

ID

Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs

1999

rok

CONTENTS

SUMMARY

1. Introduction . 11

2. Disposals of radioactive waste 11

2.1 Radioactive waste disposal from, and in, sites on land 11

2.2 Solid radioactive waste disposal at sea 12

3. Sampling programme . 12

3.1 Nuclear sites 12

3.1.1 The aquatic programme . 12

3.1.2 The terrestrial programme 13

3.2 Industrial and landfill sites . 13

3.3 Chernobyl fallout 14

3.4 Regional monitoring 14

3.4.1 Milk and crops 14

3.4.2 Total Diet study (TDS) 14

3.4.3 Isle of Man and Channel Islands 14

3.4.4 Seawater survey 14

4. Methods of measurement 14

4.1 Sample analysis . 15

4.2 Measurement of dose rates . 15

4.3 Dry cloths 15

5. Presentation of results 15

6. Assessment of results 17

6.1 Radiation protection standards . 17

6.2 Methods and data 17

7. British Nuclear Fuels plc (BNFL) 19

7.1 Sellafield and Drigg, Cumbria . 19

7.1.1 The aquatic monitoring programme. 19

7.1.2 The terrestrial monitoring programme. 24

7.2 Springfields, Lancashire . 26

7.3 Capenhurst, Cheshire . 26

8. United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) 27

8.1 Harwell, Oxfordshire. 27

8.2 Winfrith, Dorset 27

9. Nuclear power stations operated by Nuclear Electric plc . 27

9.1 Berkeley, Gloucestershire and Oldbury, Avon . 28

9.2 Bradwell, Essex. 28

9.3 Dungeness, Kent . 28

9.4 Hartlepool, Cleveland 29

9.5 Heysham, Lancashire . 29

9.6 Hinkley Point, Somerset . 30

9.7 Sizewell, Suffolk . 30

9.8 Trawsfynydd, Gwynedd . 31

9.9 Wylfa, Gwynedd 31

10. Defence establishments 32

10.1 Aldermaston, Berkshire. 32

10.2 Barrow, Cumbria . 32

10.3 Chatham, Kent . 32

10.4 Devonport, Devon . 32

10.5 Greenwich, London 32

11. Amersham International plc 33

11.1 Amersham, Buckinghamshire 33

11.2 Cardiff, South Glamorgan 33

12. Minor sites and Euratom sampling . 33

12.1 Imperial College Reactor Centre, Ascot, Berkshire . 34

12.2 Imperial Chemical Industries plc, Billingham, Cleveland . 34

12.3 Rolls Royce plc, Derby, Derbyshire . 34

12.4 Universities Research Reactor Centre, Risley, Cheshire 34

12.5 Euratom sampling . 34

13. Industrial sites 35

13.1 Albright and Wilson Ltd., Whitehaven, Cumbria 35

13.2 Other industrial sites 36

14. Landfill sites . 36

15. Chernobyl fallout . 37

16. Regional monitoring. 37

16.1 Isle of Man 38

16.2 Channel Islands . 38

16.3 Diet in England and Wales . 38

16.4 Milk from dairies in England, Wales and Northern Ireland . 39

16.5 Crops in England and Wales 39

16.6 Seawater surveys . 40

17. Research in support of the monitoring programme . 40

18. References . 40

Tables 1-51. 44-119

Appendix 1. Monitoring of the marine environment near nuclear sites in Scotland, 1995 121

Appendix 2. Abbreviations 132

Appendix 3. Consumption, handling and occupancy rates 133

Appendix 4. Dosimetric data . 136

Appendix 5. Estimates of concentrations of radionuclides due to natural sources . 137

Appendix 6. Modelling of activity in milk and livestock 138