| | Optimizing Water Treatment Plant Performance Using |
| | 3,95 | | MB | Composite Correction Program - 1998 Edition |
| | 246 | | stron |
| | 6032 | | ID | UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY |
| | 2004 | | rok |
| | Contents |
| | Acknowledgments |
| | List of Figures X |
| | List of Tables xi |
| | 1 Introduction . 1 |
| | 1.1 Purpose 1 |
| | 1.2 Background 1 |
| | 1.2.1 Wastewater Treatment Compliance 1 |
| | 1.2.2 Water Treatment Optimization . 2 |
| | 1.2.3 Broad-Scale Application of CCP Concepts . 2 |
| | 1.3 Scope 3 |
| | 1.3.1 Update of the CCP Approach and Implementation 3 |
| | 1.3.2 Support for Future Regulations 3 |
| | 1.3.3 Technical Resource for the Partnership for Safe Water 4 |
| | 1.3.4 Considerations for Total System Optimization 4 |
| | 1.4 Using the Manual 4 |
| | 1.5 References . 4 |
| | 2 Protection Of Public Health From Microbial Pathogens 7 |
| | 2.1 Background 7 |
| | 2.2 Waterborne Disease History 7 |
| | 2.3 Relationship Between Optimized Performance and Public Health Protection . 8 |
| | 2.3.1 Multiple Barrier Strategy . a |
| | 2.3.2 Basis for Optimization Goals 9 |
| | 2.4 Optimization Performance Goals . 10 |
| | 2.4.1 Minimum Data Monitoring Requirements . .lO |
| | 2.4.2 Individual Sedimentation Basin Performance Goals 10 |
| | 2.4.3 Individual Filter Performance Goals . .lO |
| | 2.4.4 Disinfection Performance Goal 11 |
| | 2.5 Role of the Water Treatment Plant Staff in Public Health Protection . 11 |
| | 2.6 References 11 |
| | 3 Assessing Composite Correction Program Application . 13 |
| | 3.1 Introduction . 13 |
| | 3.2 Optimization Program Experience 13 |
| | 3.3 Area-Wide Optimization Model . 14 |
| | 3.3.1 Status Component 14 |
| | 3.3.2 Evaluation Component 14 |
| | 3.3.3 Follow-Up Component -14 |
| | 3.3.4 Maintenance Component . 14 |
| | 3.4 Implementation of an Area-Wide Model . 14 |
| | 3.4.1 Establish Criteria to Prioritize Water Systems 16 |
| | 3.4.2 Assess Water System Performance Relative to Optimization Goals 16 |
| | 3.4.3 Prioritize Water Systems Based on Selected Criteria 17 |
| | 3.4.4 Assess Response to Prioritized Water Systems . ia |
| | 3.5 References 19 |
| | 4 Comprehensive Performance Evaluation 21 |
| | 4.1 Introduction . 21 |
| | 4.2 CPE Methodology . 21 |
| | 4.2.1 Assessment of Plant Performance . 21 |
| | 4.2.1 .l Review and Trend Charting of Plant Operating Records 2 1 |
| | 4.2.1.2 Supplemental Data Collection . 22 |
| | 4.2.2 Evaluation of Major Unit Processes . 25 |
| | 4.2.2.1 Overview . 25 |
| | 4.2.2.2 Approach . 27 |
| | 4.2.2.3 Determining Peak Instantaneous Operating Flow 28 |
| | 4.2.2.4 Rating Individual Unit Processes 29 |
| | Flocculation 30 |
| | Sedimentation 30 |
| | Filtration 31 |
| | Disinfection 32 |
| | Post-Disinfection .32 |
| | Pre-Disinfection . 34 |
| | 4.2.3 Identification and Prioritization of Performance Limiting Factors . -35 |
| | 4.2.3.1 Identification of Performance Limiting Factors . 35 |
| | Identification of Administrative Factors . .36 |
| | Policies . 37 |
| | Budgeting . 38 |
| | Staffing 38 |
| | Identification of Design Factors . 38 |
| | Identification of Operational Factors 39 |
| | Plant Flow Rate and Number of Basins in Service .39 |
| | Chemical Dose Control . 39 |
| | Filter Control . 40 |
| | Process Control Activities . 41 |
| | Other Controls . 42 |
| | Identification of Maintenance Factors . 4 2 |
| | 4.2.3.2 Prioritization of Performance Limiting Factors 42 |
| | 4.2.4 Assessment of the Applicability of a CTA 4 4 |
| | 4.2.5 CPE Report 44 |
| | 4.3 Conducting a CPE . 44 |
| | 4.3.1 Overview. 49 |
| | 4.3.2 Initial Activities 49 |
| | 4.3.2.1 Key Personnel . 50 |
| | 4.3.2.2 CPE Resources 50 |
| | 4.3.2.3 Scheduling . 50 |
| | 4.3.3 On-Site Activities . 51 |
| | 4.3.3.1 Kick-Off Meeting .51 |
| | 4.3.3.2 Plant Tour 51 |
| | Pretreatment 52 |
| | Mixing/Flocculation/Sedimentation . 52 |
| | Chemical Feed Facilities . 53 |
| | Filtration 53 |
| | Disinfection 54 |
| | Backwash Water and Sludge Treatment and Disposal . 5 4 |
| | Laboratory . 54 |
| | Maintenance . 54 |
| | 4.3.3.3 Data Collection Activities -54 |
| | 4.3.3.4 Evaluation of Major Unit Processes 55 |
| | 4.3.3.5 Performance Assessment .55 |
| | 4.3.3.6 Field Evaluations . 55 |
| | 4.3.3.7 Interviews . .57 |
| | 4.3.3.8 Evaluation of Performance Limiting Factors .57 |
| | 4.3.3.9 Exit Meeting . 58 |
| | 4.3.4 CPE Report 60 |
| | 4.4 Case Study 60 |
| | 4.4.1 Facility Information . 60 |
| | 4.4.2 Performance Assessment .61 |
| | 4.4.3 Major Unit Process Evaluation . .61 |
| | 4.4.3.1 Flocculation Basin Evaluation . .6l |
| | 4.4.3.2 Sedimentation Basin Evaluation . 62 |
| | 4.4.3.3 Filter Evaluation 62 |
| | 4.4.3.4 Disinfection Process Evaluation . 62 |
| | 4.4.4 Performance Limiting Factors . 63 |
| | 4.4.5 Assessing Applicability of a CTA 64 |
| | 4.4.6 CPE Results . 64 |
| | 4.5 References 64 |
| | Comprehensive Technical Assistance 67 |
| | 5.1 Objective . 67 |
| | 5.2 Conducting CTAs . 68 |
| | 5.2.1 Overview . 68 |
| | 5.2.2 Implementation 69 |
| | 5.2.2.1 Approach . 70 |
| | CTA Facilitator 70 |
| | On-Site CTA Champion 71 |
| | CTA Framework 71 |
| | 5.2.2.2 Tools .73 |
| | Contingency Plans . 73 |
| | Action Plans . 73 |
| | Special Studies . 73 |
| | Operational Guidelines . 74 |
| | Data Collection and Interpretation .74 |
| | Priority Setting Tools . 75 |
| | Topic Development Sheets . 75 |
| | Internal Support 76 |
| | What If Scenarios . 77 |
| | 5.2.2.3 Correcting Performance Limiting Factors 77 |
| | Design Performance Limiting Factors . 7 7 |
| | Maintenance Performance Limiting Factors .78 |
| | Administrative Performance Limiting Factors . 78 |
| | Operational Performance Limiting Factors . 79 |
| | Process Sampling and Testing . 8 0 |
| | Chemical Pretreatment and Coagulant Control .80 |
| | Unit Process Controls . 82 |
| | 5.3 Case Study . 85 |
| | 5.3.1 CPE Findings 85 |
| | 5.3.2 CTA Activities 86 |
| | 5.3.2.1 Initial Site Visit . 86 |