Exposure Factors Handbook

10,7
MB

1193
stron

6047
ID UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

2005
rok

Volume I - General Factors

Chapter 1 - Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. PURPOSE

1.2. INTENDED AUDIENCE

1.3. BACKGROUND

1.3.1. Selection of Studies for the Handbook

1.3.2. Using the Handbook in an Exposure Assessment

1.3.3. Approach Used to Develop Recommendations for Exposure Factors

1.3.4. Characterizing Variability

1.4. GENERAL EQUATION FOR CALCULATING DOSE

1.5. RESEARCH NEEDS

1.6. ORGANIZATION REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 1 APPENDIX 1A

Chapter 2 - Variability and Uncertainty

2. VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY

2.1. VARIABILITY VERSUS UNCERTAINTY

2.2. TYPES OF VARIABILITY

2.3. CONFRONTING VARIABILITY

2.4. CONCERN ABOUT UNCERTAINTY

2.5. TYPES OF UNCERTAINTY AND REDUCING UNCERTAINTY

2.6. ANALYZING VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY

2.7. PRESENTING RESULTS OF VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS REFERENCES

FOR CHAPTER 2

Volume I - General Factors

Chapter 3 - Drinking Water Intake

3. DRINKING WATER INTAKE

3.1. BACKGROUND

3.2. KEY GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES ON DRINKING WATER INTAKE

3.3. RELEVANT GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES ON DRINKING WATER INTAKE

3.4. PREGNANT AND LACTATING WOMEN

3.5. HIGH ACTIVITY LEVELS/HOT CLIMATES

3.6. RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 - Drinking Water Intake

Chapter 4 - Soil Ingestion and Pica

4. SOIL INGESTION AND PICA

4.1 BACKGROUND

4.2. KEY STUDIES ON SOIL INTAKE AMONG CHILDREN

4.3. RELEVANT STUDIES ON SOIL INTAKE AMONG CHILDREN

4.4. SOIL INTAKE AMONG ADULTS

4.5. PREVALENCE OF PICA

4.6. DELIBERATE SOIL INGESTION AMONG CHILDREN

4.7. RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4

Chapter 5 - Inhalation

5. INHALATION ROUTE

5.1. EXPOSURE EQUATION FOR INHALATION

5.2. INHALATION RATE

5.2.1. Background

5.2.2. Key Inhalation Rate Studies

5.2.3. Relevant Inhalation Rate Studies

5.2.4. Recommendations

REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER

5 APPENDIX 5A

Chapter 5 - Inhalation

Chapter 6 - Dermal

6. DERMAL ROUTE

6.1. EQUATION FOR DERMAL DOSE

6.2. SURFACE AREA

6.2.1. Background

6.2.2. Measurement Techniques

6.2.3. Key Body Surface Area Studies

6.2.4. Relevant Surface Area Studies

6.2.5. Application of Body Surface Area Data

6.3. SOIL ADHERENCE TO SKIN

6.3.1. Background

6.3.2. Key Soil Adherence to Skin Studies

6.3.3. Relevant Soil Adherence to Skin Studies

6.4. RECOMMENDATIONS

6.4.1. Body Surface Area

6.4.2. Soil Adherence to Skin

REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 6

APPENDIX 6A

Chapter 7 - Body Weight Studies

7. BODY WEIGHT STUDIES

7.1. KEY BODY WEIGHT STUDY

7.2. RELEVANT BODY WEIGHT STUDIES

7.3. RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 7

Chapter 8 - Lifetime

8. LIFETIME

8.1. KEY STUDY ON LIFETIME

8.2. RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 8

Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors

Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables

9. INTAKE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

9.1. BACKGROUND

9.2. INTAKE STUDIES

9.2.1. U.S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and Continuing

Survey of Food Intake by Individuals

9.2.2. Key Fruits and Vegetables Intake Study Based on the USDA CSFII

9.2.3. Relevant Fruits and Vegetables Intake Studies

9.2.4. Relevant Fruits and Vegetables Serving Size Study Based on the USDA NFCS

9.2.5. Conversion Between As Consumed and Dry Weight Intake Rates

9.3. RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 9

APPENDIX 9A

APPENDIX 9B

Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish

10. INTAKE OF FISH AND SHELLFISH

10.1. BACKGROUND

10.2. KEY GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES

10.3. RELEVANT GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES

10.4. KEY RECREATIONAL (MARINE FISH STUDIES)

10.5. RELEVANT RECREATIONAL MARINE STUDIES

10.6. KEY FRESHWATER RECREATIONAL STUDIES

10.7. RELEVANT FRESHWATER RECREATIONAL STUDIES

10.8. NATIVE AMERICAN FRESHWATER STUDIES

10.9. OTHER FACTORS

10.10. RECOMMENDATIONS

10.10.1. Recommendations - General Population

10.10.2. Recommendations - Recreational Marine Anglers

10.10.3. Recommendations - Recreational Freshwater Anglers

10.10.4. Recommendations - Native American Subsistence Populations

REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 10

APPENDIX 10A

APPENDIX 10B

APPENDIX 10C

Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products

11. INTAKE OF MEAT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS

11.1. INTAKE STUDIES

11.1.1. U.S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and Continuing

Survey of Food Intake by Individuals

11.1.2. Key Meat and Dairy Products Intake Study Based on the CSFII

11.1.3. Relevant Meat and Dairy Products Intake Studies

11.2. FAT CONTENT OF MEAT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS

11.3. CONVERSION BETWEEN AS CONSUMED AND DRY WEIGHT INTAKE RATES

11.4. RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 11

APPENDIX 11A

Chapter 12 - Intake of Grain Products

12. INTAKE OF GRAIN PRODUCTS

12.1. INTAKE STUDIES

12.1.1. U.S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and Continuing

Survey of Food Intake by Individuals

12.1.2. Key Grain Products Intake Studies Based on the CSFII

12.1.3. Relevant Grain Products Intake Studies

12.1.4. Key Grain Products Serving Size Study Based on the USDA NFCS

12.2. CONVERSION BETWEEN AS CONSUMED AND DRY WEIGHT INTAKE RATES

12.3. RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 12

APPENDIX 12A

Chapter 13 - Intake Rates for Various Home Produced Food Items

13. INTAKE RATES FOR VARIOUS HOME PRODUCED FOOD ITEMS

13.1. BACKGROUND

13.2. METHODS

13.3. RESULTS

13.4. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

13.5. RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 13

APPENDIX 13A

Chapter 14 - Breast Milk Intake