| | Draft reference document on Economics and Cross-Media |
| | 1,77 | | MB |
| | 175 | | stron |
| | 6056 | | ID | JRC-IPTS Instituto de Prospectiva Tecnológica (IPTS) |
| | 2006 | | rok |
| | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I |
| | PREFACE.V |
| | SCOPE XIII |
| | 1 GENERAL INFORMATION ON ECONOMICS AND CROSS-MEDIA EFFECTS 1 |
| | 2 CROSS-MEDIA GUIDELINES. 7 |
| | 2.1 Introduction 7 |
| | 2.2 Simplification techniques 9 |
| | 2.3 Guideline 1 – Scope and identify the alternative options 11 |
| | 2.4 Guideline 2 – Inventory of consumptions and emissions 12 |
| | 2.4.1 Data quality. 12 |
| | 2.4.2 Energy (Electricity and Heat) 13 |
| | 2.4.2.1 Energy efficiency . 14 |
| | 2.4.2.2 Electricity and heat used in the process 14 |
| | 2.4.2.3 The European electricity and heat mix . 15 |
| | 2.4.3 Waste 16 |
| | 2.5 Guideline 3 – Calculate the cross-media effects . 17 |
| | 2.5.1 Human toxicity 19 |
| | 2.5.1.1 Assessing the human toxicity potential of a proposal. 19 |
| | 2.5.1.2 Issues to consider 19 |
| | 2.5.2 Global warming . 20 |
| | 2.5.2.1 Assessing the global warming potential of a proposal . 20 |
| | 2.5.2.2 Issues to consider 21 |
| | 2.5.3 Aquatic toxicity . 21 |
| | 2.5.3.1 Assessing the aquatic toxicity potential of a proposal 21 |
| | 2.5.3.2 Issues to consider 22 |
| | 2.5.4 Acidification 23 |
| | 2.5.4.1 Assessing the acidification potential of a proposal. 23 |
| | 2.5.4.2 Issues to consider 24 |
| | 2.5.5 Eutrophication . 24 |
| | 2.5.5.1 Assessing the eutrophication potential of a proposal 24 |
| | 2.5.5.2 Issues to consider 25 |
| | 2.5.6 Ozone depletion. 25 |
| | 2.5.6.1 Assessing the ozone depletion potential of a proposal . 26 |
| | 2.5.6.2 Issues to consider 26 |
| | 2.5.7 Photochemical ozone creation potential 26 |
| | 2.5.7.1 Assessing the photochemical ozone creation potential of a proposal. 27 |
| | 2.5.7.2 Issues to consider 27 |
| | 2.6 Guideline 4 – Interpret the cross-media conflicts 28 |
| | 2.6.1 Simple comparison of each of the environmental themes . 28 |
| | 2.6.2 Normalisation to European totals 29 |
| | 2.6.3 Normalisation against European pollution emission register data . 30 |
| | 2.6.4 Screening local environmental effects . 30 |
| | 2.7 Conclusions on cross-media effects 31 |
| | 3 THE COSTING METHODOLOGY 33 |
| | 3.1 Guideline 5 – Scope and identify the alternative options 34 |
| | 3.2 Guideline 6 – Gather and validate the cost data 35 |
| | 3.2.1 Sources of cost data . 35 |
| | 3.2.2 Documenting data uncertainty . 36 |
| | 3.2.3 Summary of guideline 6. 36 |
| | 3.3 Guideline 7 – Define the cost components 37 |
| | 3.3.1 Check-list of cost components. 37 |
| | 3.3.2 Costs that need to be identified separately. 40 |
| | 3.3.3 Scale factors for plants. 41 |
| | 3.3.4 Summary of Guideline 7 42 |
| | 3.4 Guideline 8 – Process and present the cost information 42 |
| | 3.4.2 Inflation.43 |
| | 3.4.2.1 Establishing prices in the base year 43 |
| | 3.4.2.2 Real and nominal prices44 |
| | 3.4.3 Discounting 46 |
| | 3.4.3.1 Present value .46 |
| | 3.4.3.2 Net present value.46 |
| | 3.4.3.3 Discount and interest rates 47 |
| | 3.4.4 Calculating annual costs.48 |
| | 3.4.5 New plant location .49 |
| | 3.4.6 Other ways to process cost data .49 |
| | 3.4.7 Summary of Guideline 8 50 |
| | 3.5 Guideline 9 – Attributing costs to environmental protection.50 |
| | 4 EVALUATING THE ALTERNATIVES.51 |
| | 4.1 Cost effectiveness analysis 52 |
| | 4.2 Apportioning costs between pollutants 52 |
| | 4.3 Balancing costs and environmental benefits53 |
| | 4.3.1 Reference prices .53 |
| | 4.3.2 External costs .60 |
| | 4.3.3 Conclusion on evaluating the alternatives62 |
| | 5 ECONOMIC VIABILITY IN THE SECTOR.63 |
| | 5.1 Introduction.63 |
| | 5.2 Industry structure .65 |
| | 5.2.1 Describing industry structure .65 |
| | 5.2.2 Industry structure examples .66 |
| | 5.2.3 Conclusion on industry structure66 |
| | 5.3 Market structure66 |
| | 5.3.1 Describing market structure .66 |
| | 5.3.1.1 Analysing the market using Porter’s five forces theory67 |
| | 5.3.2 Examples of Market Structure69 |
| | 5.3.3 Conclusion on market structure70 |
| | 5.4 Resilience70 |
| | 5.4.1 Describing resilience 71 |
| | 5.4.2 Examples of resilience .72 |
| | 5.4.3 Conclusion on resilience 73 |
| | 5.5 Speed of implementation .74 |
| | 5.5.1 Describing speed of implementation74 |
| | 5.5.2 Examples of speed of implementation .75 |
| | 5.5.3 Conclusion on speed of implementation 75 |
| | 5.6 Conclusion on economic viability in the sector .76 |
| | 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS.77 |
| | REFERENCES 81 |
| | GLOSSARY .85 |
| | ANNEXES 89 |
| | ANNEX 1 - HUMAN TOXICITY POTENTIALS.90 |
| | ANNEX 2 - GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALS 92 |
| | ANNEX 3 - AQUATIC TOXICITY POTENTIALS .95 |
| | ANNEX 4 - ACIDIFICATION POTENTIALS101 |
| | ANNEX 5 - EUTROPHICATION POTENTIALS 102 |
| | ANNEX 6 - OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIALS 103 |
| | ANNEX 7 - PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIALS.106 |
| | ANNEX 8 - EUROPEAN ENERGY MIX 110 |
| | ANNEX 9 - COUNCIL DIRECTIVE (85/337/EEC)112 |
| | ANNEX 10 - EUROPEAN PRICE INDICES.113 |
| | ANNEX 11 - FINANCIAL RATIOS 114 |
| | ANNEX 12 - EXTERNAL COSTS FOR SOME AIR POLLUTANTS. 116 |
| | ANNEX 13 - METHODOLOGIES USED IN MEMBER STATES 122 |
| | ANNEX 14 - PRINTING PRESS EXAMPLE. 124 |
| | ANNEX 15 - EXAMPLE OF NOX REDUCTION IN A MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR 146 |