| | Reference Document on Best Available Techniques on |
| | 7,33 | | MB | Emissions from Storage |
| | 460 | | stron |
| | 6058 | | ID | JRC-IPTS Instituto de Prospectiva Tecnológica (IPTS) |
| | 2006 | | rok |
| | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I |
| | PREFACE . IX |
| | SCOPE.XXV |
| | 1. GENERAL INFORMATION .1 |
| | 1.1. Environmental relevance of storage1 |
| | 1.2. Emission situation at storage installations 2 |
| | 1.2.1. Emissions to air 2 |
| | 1.2.2. Emissions to water3 |
| | 1.2.3. Noise emissions 3 |
| | 1.2.4. Waste aspects3 |
| | 1.2.5. Incidents and (major) accidents 3 |
| | 2. SUBSTANCES AND CLASSIFICATION.5 |
| | 2.1. Nature and classification of dangerous materials .5 |
| | 2.2. Classification of packaged substances 6 |
| | 2.3. Dispersiveness classes of solid bulk material .6 |
| | 2.4. How to use classification systems in this document .7 |
| | 3. APPLIED STORAGE, TRANSFER AND HANDLING TECHNIQUES.9 |
| | 3.1. Storage of liquids and liquefied gases 9 |
| | 3.1.1. Open top storage tanks .12 |
| | 3.1.2. External floating roof tanks (EFRT).14 |
| | 3.1.3. (Vertical) fixed roof tanks (FRT) .16 |
| | 3.1.4. Aboveground horizontal storage tanks (atmospheric) 19 |
| | 3.1.5. Horizontal storage tanks (pressurised)21 |
| | 3.1.6. Vertical storage tanks (pressurised)23 |
| | 3.1.7. Spheres (pressurised)25 |
| | 3.1.8. Mounded storage (pressurised).26 |
| | 3.1.9. Variable vapour space tanks .29 |
| | 3.1.10. Refrigerated storage tanks 30 |
| | 3.1.11. Underground horizontal storage tanks33 |
| | 3.1.12. Considerations related to tanks.35 |
| | 3.1.12.1. Economics 35 |
| | 3.1.12.2. Design and construction .35 |
| | 3.1.12.3. Commissioning.38 |
| | 3.1.12.4. Management .38 |
| | 3.1.12.5. Operation 38 |
| | 3.1.12.6. Decommissioning and demolition 39 |
| | 3.1.12.7. Tank equipment 39 |
| | 3.1.12.7.1. Vents .40 |
| | 3.1.12.7.2. Gauging and sample hatches.41 |
| | 3.1.12.7.3. Still wells and guide poles .41 |
| | 3.1.12.7.4. Instrumentation .41 |
| | 3.1.12.7.5. Access hatches 42 |
| | 3.1.12.7.6. Drains42 |
| | 3.1.12.7.7. Mixers .43 |
| | 3.1.12.7.8. Heating systems 43 |
| | 3.1.12.7.9. Sealing elements .43 |
| | 3.1.12.7.10. Valves .44 |
| | 3.1.13. Containers and the storage of containers 44 |
| | 3.1.13.1. Storage cells46 |
| | 3.1.13.2. Storage buildings 46 |
| | 3.1.13.3. Outside storage (storage yards).47 |
| | 3.1.14. Basins and lagoons .48 |
| | 3.1.15. Mined caverns (atmospheric) .49 |
| | 3.1.16. Mined caverns (pressurised) .56 |
| | 3.1.17. Salt leached caverns58 |
| | 3.1.18. Floating storage 60 |
| | 3.2. Transfer and handling of liquids and liquefied gases . 62 |
| | 3.2.1. Product transfer 64 |
| | 3.2.1.1. Aboveground closed piping transfer systems. 64 |
| | 3.2.1.2. Aboveground open piping transfer systems . 65 |
| | 3.2.1.3. Underground piping transfer systems. 67 |
| | 3.2.1.4. Loading and unloading of transporters. 68 |
| | 3.2.2. Product handling 70 |
| | 3.2.2.1. Gravity flow. 71 |
| | 3.2.2.2. Pumps. 72 |
| | 3.2.2.3. Compressors. 73 |
| | 3.2.2.4. Inert gases 73 |
| | 3.2.2.5. Flanges and gaskets 74 |
| | 3.2.2.6. Valves and fittings 75 |
| | 3.2.3. Considerations related to transfer and handling systems . 76 |
| | 3.2.3.1. Economics 76 |
| | 3.2.3.2. Design and construction. 76 |
| | 3.2.3.3. Commissioning and decommissioning. 78 |
| | 3.2.4. Equipment and fittings . 78 |
| | 3.2.4.1. Sealing elements. 79 |
| | 3.2.4.2. Vents, drains and sample points. 80 |
| | 3.2.4.3. Instrumentation on piping systems. 80 |
| | 3.2.4.4. Pressure relief devices 81 |
| | 3.2.5. Transfer and handling of packaged goods 81 |
| | 3.3. Storage of solids. 83 |
| | 3.3.1. Open storage 83 |
| | 3.3.2. Sacks and bulk bags . 84 |
| | 3.3.3. Silos and bunkers . 85 |
| | 3.3.4. Packaged dangerous solids. 85 |
| | 3.4. Transfer and handling of solids 86 |
| | 3.4.1. The construction and reclaiming of heaps 87 |
| | 3.4.2. Loading and unloading devices 88 |
| | 3.4.2.1. General emission sources from transfer and handling 88 |
| | 3.4.2.2. Grabs 89 |
| | 3.4.2.3. Discharge hoppers 91 |
| | 3.4.2.4. Tubs 91 |
| | 3.4.2.5. Suction air conveyors. 92 |
| | 3.4.2.6. Mobile loading devices 93 |
| | 3.4.2.7. Wagon and truck emptying 94 |
| | 3.4.2.8. Dump pits. 95 |
| | 3.4.2.9. Fill pipes. 96 |
| | 3.4.2.10. Fill tubes. 96 |
| | 3.4.2.11. Cascade tubes . 97 |
| | 3.4.2.12. Chutes 98 |
| | 3.4.2.13. Thrower belts . 99 |
| | 3.4.2.14. Belt conveyors 100 |
| | 3.4.2.15. Bucket elevator. 104 |
| | 3.4.2.16. Chain conveyors. 106 |
| | 3.4.2.16.1. Trough chain conveyors . 106 |
| | 3.4.2.16.2. Scraper conveyors 107 |
| | 3.4.2.17. Screw conveyors 107 |
| | 3.4.2.18. Pressure air conveyors 108 |
| | 3.4.2.19. Feeders . 109 |
| | 3.4.3. Transfer and handling of packaged good . 110 |
| | 4. TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER IN THE DETERMINATION OF BAT 111 |
| | 4.1. Storage of liquid and liquefied gas. 111 |
| | 4.1.1. ECM assessment methodology for the storage of liquid and liquefied gas 111 |
| | 4.1.2. ECM for tanks – general 113 |
| | 4.1.2.1. Tank design 113 |
| | 4.1.2.2. Inspection, maintenance and monitoring 114 |
| | 4.1.2.2.1. Risk and Reliability Based Maintenance (RRM) . 116 |
| | 4.1.2.2.2. In-service and out-of-service inspections . 117 |
| | 4.1.2.2.3. Monitoring 119 |
| | 4.1.2.2.4. Gas detection techniques.120 |
| | 4.1.2.3. Location and layout 120 |
| | 4.1.3. ECM for tanks – operational – gas emissions.121 |
| | 4.1.3.1. Emissions minimisation principle in tank storage 121 |
| | 4.1.3.2. Floating covers .122 |
| | 4.1.3.3. Flexible covers or tent covers .123 |
| | 4.1.3.4. Fixed/rigid covers .124 |
| | 4.1.3.5. Domes.124 |
| | 4.1.3.6. Tank colour.126 |
| | 4.1.3.7. Solar shields127 |
| | 4.1.3.8. Natural tank cooling .128 |
| | 4.1.3.9. Roof seals for external and internal floating roofs128 |
| | 4.1.3.9.1. Rim seals.128 |
| | 4.1.3.9.2. Still wells and guide poles 133 |
| | 4.1.3.10. Internal floating roof (IFR) .135 |
| | 4.1.3.11. Pressure and vacuum relief valves (PVRV)137 |
| | 4.1.3.12. Closed drain systems 138 |
| | 4.1.3.13. Vapour balancing139 |
| | 4.1.3.14. Vapour holders – flexible diaphragm tanks 140 |
| | 4.1.3.15. Vapour treatment 141 |
| | 4.1.3.15.1. Thermal oxidation.144 |
| | 4.1.3.15.2. Adsorption 145 |
| | 4.1.3.15.3. Absorption (‘washing’).146 |
| | 4.1.3.15.4. Condensation 147 |
| | 4.1.3.15.5. Membrane separation148 |
| | 4.1.3.16. Compatibility of ECM for gas emissions – operational148 |
| | 4.1.4. ECM for tanks – operational – liquid emissions.151 |
| | 4.1.4.1. Manual draining151 |