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Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the

4,49

Waste Treatments Industries

626

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6074

JRC-IPTS Instituto de Prospectiva Tecnológica (IPTS)

2006

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYI

PREFACEIX

SCOPE . XXVII

1 GENERAL INFORMATION. 1

1.1 The purpose of waste treatment. 1

1.2 Installations for the treatment of waste . 1

1.2.1 Waste transfer installations 3

1.2.2 Installations containing a biological treatment of waste 4

1.2.3 Installations for the physico-chemical treatment of waste waters 6

1.2.4 Installations for the treatment of combustion ashes and flue-gas cleaning residues 7

1.2.5 Installations for the treatment of waste contaminated with PCBs . 7

1.2.6 Installations for treatment of waste oil. 8

1.2.7 Installations for treatment of waste solvent . 12

1.2.8 Installations for the treatment of waste catalysts, waste from pollution abatement and other

inorganic waste. 13

1.2.9 Installations for treatment of activated carbon and resins 13

1.2.10 Installations for the treatment of waste acids and bases 15

1.2.11 Installations for the treatment of contaminated wood 15

1.2.12 Installations for the treatment of contaminated refractory ceramics 16

1.2.13 Installations for the preparation of waste to be used as fuel 16

1.3 Economic and institutional aspects of the waste treatment sector. 21

1.4 General environmental issues related to installations that treat waste. 23

2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES 27

2.1 Common techniques applied in the sector. 31

2.1.1 Reception, acceptance, traceability and quality assurance. 31

2.1.2 Management techniques 35

2.1.3 Energy systems 36

2.1.4 Storage and handling . 36

2.1.5 Blending and mixing 40

2.1.6 Decommissioning 43

2.1.7 Treatment of smalls . 43

2.1.8 Size reduction 44

2.1.9 Other common techniques . 45

2.1.10 Examples of waste treatment installations where only the common techniques are applied 46

2.2 Biological treatments of waste 48

2.2.1 Anaerobic digestion . 48

2.2.2 Mechanical biological treatments 50

2.2.3 Biological treatments applied to contaminated soil . 53

2.3 Physico-chemical treatments of waste. 55

2.3.1 Physico-chemical treatments of waste waters 55

2.3.2 Unit operations used in Ph-c treatments of waste waters. 58

2.3.3 Physico-chemical treatments of waste solids and waste sludges . 62

2.3.3.1 Extraction and separation. 63

2.3.3.2 Thermal treatments 63

2.3.3.3 Mechanical separation 64

2.3.3.4 Conditioning 65

2.3.3.5 Immobilisation . 65

2.3.3.6 Dewatering. 68

2.3.3.7 High temperature drying 69

2.3.3.8 Thermal distillative drying plants 70

2.3.3.9 Thermal desorption 71

2.3.3.10 Vapour extraction. 72

2.3.3.11 Solvent extraction 72

2.3.3.12 Excavation and removal of contaminated soil . 73

2.3.3.13 Soil washing. 74

2.3.3.14 Treatment of asbestos .76

2.3.3.15 Bottom ash treatment76

2.3.4 Unit operations used in the physico-chemical processing of waste solids and sludges78

2.3.5 Physico-chemical treatments of other wastes.79

2.4 Treatments applied mainly to recover the materials from waste .82

2.4.1 The re-refining of waste oils 82

2.4.1.1 Pretreatment of waste oil 84

2.4.1.2 Cleaning of waste oil 85

2.4.1.3 Fractionation of waste oil .86

2.4.1.4 Finishing of waste oil .86

2.4.1.5 Technologies used for the re-refining of waste oils87

2.4.2 Regeneration of waste solvents 92

2.4.3 Regeneration of waste catalysts and recovery of components from abatement techniques95

2.4.4 Regeneration of activated carbon .96

2.4.5 Regeneration of resins97

2.4.6 Regeneration of waste acids and bases.97

2.4.6.1 Regeneration of spent sulphuric acid98

2.4.6.2 Regeneration of spent hydrochloric acid 99

2.4.7 Treatment of solid photographic waste 99

2.4.8 Treatment of liquid photographic waste.99

2.5 Treatments primarly aimed at producing material to be used as fuel or for improving its energy

recovery .101

2.5.1 Preparation of solid waste fuel mainly from solid waste102

2.5.1.1 Preparation of solid waste fuel by mechanical (and biological) treatment from nonhazardous

wastes 102

2.5.1.2 Preparation of solid waste fuel mainly from liquids and semi-liquid hazardous waste107

2.5.1.3 Preparation of solid waste fuel by the carbonisation of contaminated wood108

2.5.2 Preparation of liquid waste fuels 109

2.5.2.1 Preparation of organic liquid waste fuels by blending mainly hazardous wastes .109

2.5.2.2 Preparation of liquid waste fuels by fluidification of hazardous wastes.111

2.5.2.3 Preparation of emulsions from liquid/semi-liquid hazardous waste .113

2.5.2.4 Treatments of waste oil where waste OUT is basically used as a fuel .115

2.5.2.4.1 Direct burning of waste oils116

2.5.2.4.2 Mild reprocessing of waste oils 116

2.5.2.4.3 Severe reprocessing 118

2.5.2.4.4 Thermal cracking120

2.5.2.4.5 Hydrotreatment.122

2.5.2.5 Production of biodiesel from vegetable waste oils .122

2.5.3 Preparation of gaseous fuel from waste123

2.6 Techniques for the abatement of emissions .123

3 CURRENT CONSUMPTION AND EMISSION LEVELS125

3.1 Emissions and consumptions from common waste treatment processes/activities127

3.1.1 Waste IN in common treatments 127

3.1.2 Consumptions of common treatments 128

3.1.3 Emissions from common treatments 128

3.1.4 Waste OUT from common waste treatments .140

3.2 Emissions and consumptions from biological treatments 141

3.2.1 Waste IN in biological treatments 141

3.2.2 Consumptions of biological treatments 143

3.2.3 Emissions from biological treatments 145

3.2.4 Waste OUT from biological treatments .156

3.3 Emissions and consumptions from physico-chemical treatments161

3.3.1 Waste IN in physico-chemical treatments161

3.3.2 Consumptions of physico-chemical treatments167

3.3.3 Emissions from physico-chemical treatments 173

3.3.3.1 Emissions from the physico-chemical treatments of waste waters.173

3.3.3.2 Emissions from the physico-chemical treatment of waste solids and sludges180

3.3.3.3 Emissions from the treatment of specific wastes186

3.3.4 Waste OUT from physico-chemical treatments .187

3.4 Emissions and consumptions from waste treatments applied mainly to recover the materials

from waste . 193

3.4.1 Waste IN treated to obtain a recycled material 193

3.4.2 Consumptions of waste treatments to obtain a recycled material 201

3.4.3 Emissions from waste treatments to obtain a recycled material 207

3.4.3.1 Emissions from the re-refining of waste oils . 207

3.4.3.2 Emissions from the regeneration of waste solvents . 222

3.4.3.3 Emissions from the regeneration of waste catalysts. 225

3.4.3.4 Emissions from the cleaning and regeneration of carbon 225

3.4.3.5 Emissions from the regeneration of ion exchange resins . 228

3.4.3.6 Emissions from waste acids and bases treatments . 228

3.4.3.7 Emissions from the treatment of photographic waste 228

3.4.4 Waste OUT from re-recycling/regeneration treatments. 229

3.5 Emissions and consumptions from waste treatments aimed to produce a material to be used as

fuel. 233

3.5.1 Waste IN for the preparation of waste fuels 233

3.5.2 Consumptions of preparation of waste fuel . 239

3.5.3 Emissions from the preparation of waste fuel 242

3.5.4 Waste fuels (waste OUT). 251

3.5.4.1 Solid waste fuel prepared from municipal solid waste. 253

3.5.4.2 Specifications of waste fuel to be used in cement kilns . 257

3.5.4.3 Waste oil used as fuel. 260

3.5.4.4 Quality assurance systems . 262

3.6 Emissions and consumptions from end-of-pipe treatments (abatement) . 266

3.7 Monitoring 269

4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER IN THE DETERMINATION OF BAT 277

4.1 Common techniques to consider in the determination of BAT . 279

4.1.1 Techniques to improve knowledge of the waste IN. 279

4.1.1.1 Waste composition characterisation. 279

4.1.1.2 Pre-acceptance procedure to assess if waste is suitable to be stored or/and treated in the