MARITIME SECURITY: Federal Efforts Needed to Address

4,78

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Challenges in Preventing and Responding to Terrorist Attacks

112

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on Energy Commodity Tankers

6166

ID

United States Government Accountability Office

2007

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Contents

Letter 1

Results in Brief 7

Background 11

Energy Commodity Shipments Face Varied Threats, and a Successful Attack Could Have

Substantial Consequences 23

Although Stakeholders Are Taking Protective Measures, Implementation Challenges Pose Difficulty

Both Abroad and at Home 36

Stakeholders Have Developed Spill and Terrorism Response Plans but Face Several Challenges in

Integrating Them 53

Conclusions 77

Recommendations for Executive Action 79

Agency Comments 80

Appendix I Objective, Scope, and Methodology 84

Appendix II Selected Energy Commodities Transported by Tanker into United States 87

Appendix III Recent High-Profile Terrorism Incidents against Tankers and Energy Infrastructure 89

Appendix IV Assessing and Managing Risks Using a Risk Management Approach 90

Appendix V Comments from the Department of Homeland Security 93

Appendix VI Comments from the Federal Bureau of Investigation 97

Appendix VII Comments from the Department of Defense 100

Appendix VIII GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments 101

Related GAO Products 102