State-of-the-Art Review of Environment, Security and

0,77

MB

Development Co-operation

114

stron

6225

ID

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

2002

rok

Table of Contents

FOREWORD 5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 12

CHAPTER II: EARLY LITERATURE – LINKING ENVIRONMENT AND SECURITY 18

1. The Evolution of Environment and Security Research 18

2. The Policy Dimensions of Environment and Security Research 20

CHAPTER III: ENVIRONMENT AND CONFLICT: GENERAL CLAIMS 22

1. Introduction 22

2. Environmental Change and Conflict 23

2.1. The Toronto Project on Environment and Acute Conflict 27

2.2. The Environment and Conflicts Project (ENCOP) 30

3. What Types of Threats Affect Security? 32

4. What Types of Environmental Change Affect Human Security? 33

4.1. Natural disasters 34

4.2. Cumulative changes or "slow-onset changes" 34

4.3. Accidental disruptions or industrial accidents 36

4.4. Development projects 36

4.5. Conflict and warfare 37

CHAPTER IV: THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL SECURITY INSTITUTIONS 40

1. Introduction 40

2. The Role of Military and Intelligence Institutions 40

2.1. Environmental threats to national interests 40

2.2. Using security assets to advance environmental goals 41

3. Strengthening State Capacity 43

4. Conclusion 44

CHAPTER V: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY 46

1. Introduction 46

2. Criticisms of Redefining Security in Environmental Terms 46

3. Criticisms of the Environment and Conflict Literature 49

CHAPTER VI: ENVIRONMENT, HUMAN SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 51

1. Introduction 51

2. Environmental Change and Human Security 52

Table 3. Elements of Human Security 53

3. Human Security and Sustainable Development 55

CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSIONS 60

APPENDICES

Appendix I: Non-Governmental Activities in Environment and Security 62

Appendix II: An Index of Human Insecurity 71

Appendix III: Bibliography 75