| | Conflicts between human activities and the conservation of |
| | 1,15 | | MB | biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, grasslands, forests, |
| | 102 | | stron | wetlands and uplands in the Acceding and Candidate Countries |
| | (ACC) |
| | 6243 | | ID | Centre for Ecology and Hydrology |
| | 2004 | | rok |
| | CONTENTS: |
| | 1. Executive summary. 1 |
| | 2. Introduction 8 |
| | 2.1 The BIOFORUM project and its objectives. 8 |
| | 2.2 Conflicts and the scope of BIOFORUM 8 |
| | 2.3 Report format 9 |
| | 3. Agricultural Landscapes 10 |
| | 3.1. Foreword 10 |
| | 3.2. Introduction . 10 |
| | 3.3. Description of conflicts. 11 |
| | 3.3.1. Intensification of agriculture . 11 |
| | 3.3.2. Abandonment of agriculture 13 |
| | 3.3.3. Changes in scale and organisation of agriculture. 14 |
| | 3.4. Conflict resolution 14 |
| | 3.4.1. Resolution strategies. 14 |
| | 3.5. Indicators and monitoring . 15 |
| | 3.6. Discussion and conclusions . 16 |
| | 3.7. Case studies . 16 |
| | 3.7.1. Energy-stands in abandoned fields and wastelands . 16 |
| | 3.7.2. Land use and related problems in Lithuania . 17 |
| | 3.7.3. Soil erosion in Troyan, Bulgaria 18 |
| | 3.7.4. Local Breeds in Bulgaria 19 |
| | 4. Grasslands 21 |
| | 4.1. Introduction . 21 |
| | 4.2. Identification of conflicts 22 |
| | 4.3. Conflicts description . 23 |
| | 4.3.1 Intensification. 23 |
| | 4.3.2 Abandonment . 24 |
| | 4.3.3. Management methods. 25 |
| | 4.3.4. Development . 26 |
| | 4.3.5. Spatial planning . 26 |
| | 4.3.6 Tourism and recreation 27 |
| | 4.3.7. Different conservation priorities 27 |
| | 4.4. Conflicts resolution strategies 28 |
| | 4.4.1 Guidelines 28 |
| | 4.4.2. Monitoring and indicators. 32 |
| | 4.5. Discussion . 33 |
| | 4.6. Case studies . 34 |
| | 4.6.1 Abandonment in Slovenia 34 |
| | 4.6.2 Tourism & artificial snowing in Poland 34 |
| | 4.6.3. Different conservation priorities in Vahenurme, Estonia . 35 |
| | 5. Forests 36 |
| | 5.1. Foreword 36 |
| | 5.2. Introduction . 36 |
| | 5.3 Changes of forestry practice in ACC countries 36 |
| | 5.3.1 Brief overview of forest cover history in Europe . 36 |
| | 5.3.2. Great changes in the last century. 38 |
| | 5.4. Issues leading to conflicts . 43 |
| | 5.4.1. Different definitions of forests 43 |
| | 5.4.2. Changes in ownership and legal framework . 44 |
| | 5.4.3. Changes in forestry practice 45 |
| | 5.4.4. Alternative (non-wood) use of forests 45 |
| | 5.4.5. Forests and environmental protection 45 |
| | 5.4.6. Effects of other activities 46 |
| | 5.4.7. Poor knowledge of forest resources and biodiversity. 46 |
| | 5.5. Conflict resolution 46 |
| | 5.6. Monitoring strategies 47 |
| | 5.7. Discussion and conclusions . 48 |
| | 5.8. Case studies of biodiversity conflicts and their resolution in forests . 48 |
| | 5.8.1. Historic experience on sustainable development of forestry in Slovakia - a measure to avoid |
| | conflicts. 48 |
| | 5.8.2. Alien species in Bialowieza forest. 49 |
| | 5.8.3. Use of non-wood forest resources in Bulgaria 51 |
| | 5.8.4. Conflict prevention and management in Estonian state forests. 54 |
| | 6. Inland aquatic habitats. 57 |
| | 6.1. Introduction . 57 |
| | 6.2. Value of inland aquatic habitats. 58 |
| | 6.3. Identification of conflicts 60 |
| | 6.3.1. Ecosystem related conflicts (degradation of inland aquatic habitats) 60 |
| | 6.3.2. Species related conflicts 64 |
| | 6.4. Conflict resolution strategies . 66 |
| | 6.5. Monitoring the conflict resolution process 67 |
| | 6.6. Case studies . 68 |
| | 6.6.1. Inner Danube Delta 68 |
| | 6.6.2. Biebrza wetla nds area (Poland) . 69 |
| | 6.6.3. The beaver as a factor for the re-naturalization of Lithuanian inland habitats 72 |
| | 7. Uplands . 75 |
| | 7.1. Introduction . 75 |
| | 7.2. Identifying sources of conflicts 76 |
| | 7.2.1 Agriculture . 76 |
| | 7.2.2. Forestry. 77 |
| | 7.2.3. Game hunting 78 |
| | 7.2.4. Tourism. 78 |
| | 7.3. Identifying resolution strategies. 79 |
| | 7.3.1. Guidelines . 79 |
| | 7.3.2. Agro-environmental measures and afforestation . 79 |
| | 7.3.3. Legislation & Legislative Instruments . 79 |
| | 7.4. Case studies . 81 |
| | 7.4.1 The Sola river, (Upper Vistula, Poland): Conflict between river control and draining and |
| | conservation of biodiversity . 81 |
| | 7.4.2 Bieszczady Nationa l Park (Poland), East Carpathians Biosphere Reserve 81 |
| | 7.4.3. The Blatov grassland (Czech Republic) . 82 |
| | 7.4.4. Sinaia case study (Romania) . 83 |
| | 7.4.5. Pirin National Park (Bulgaria). 83 |
| | 7.4.6. Kresna Gorge (Bulgaria). 85 |
| | 8. References and further reading. 88 |
| | 9. Contributors . 93 |
| | 10. Acknowledgements . 97 |