Review of Impacts of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated

6,77

MB

Fishing on Developing Countries

178

stron

6247

ID

Marine Resources Assessment Group Ltd

2005

rok

Table of Contents

List of Figures 3

List of Tables. 5

Abbreviations and Acronyms 7

1. Introduction 8

1.1. Background to the study.8

1.2. Definitions of IUU fishing 9

1.3. Historical perspective .12

1.4. Summary15

2. Methods for estimating IUU catch 16

2.1. Previous studies .16

2.1.1. Top-Down Approach 16

2.1.2. Bottom-Up Approaches . 17

2.2. Methods used in this study.18

2.2.1. Introduction 18

2.2.2. The Big Issue method 19

2.2.3. The Case Studies 21

3. Primary results of the methods used in this study . 23

3.1. Big Issues in High Seas IUU 23

3.1.1. Tunas and tuna-like fish (large pelagics). 24

3.1.2. Sharks . 26

3.1.3. Groundfish . 26

3.1.4. Cephalopods . 28

3.2. Big Issues in IUU fishing within EEZs 29

3.2.1. Cod 30

3.2.2. Sturgeon 30

3.2.3. Holothurians 31

3.2.4. Abalone . 31

3.2.5. Misreporting by domestic vessels operating in EEZs 34

3.3. Case Study results summary .35

4. Exploring causes and effects of IUU fishing 38

4.1. Vulnerability analysis38

4.1.1. Regional summary. 38

4.1.1.1. Central West Africa. 38

4.1.1.2. North West Africa 39

4.1.1.3. South West Africa . 39

4.1.1.4. East Africa 40

4.1.1.5. Summary 40

4.1.2. Predicting IUU catch 41

4.1.2.1. Potential indicators of vulnerability to IUU fishing . 41

4.1.2.2. Measurement of IUU fishing (%IUU). 47

4.1.2.3. The relationship between compliance and MCS capability. 48

4.1.2.4. Correlations between vulnerability indices 49

4.1.2.5. Developing a predictive model 51

4.2. Impacts of IUU fishing 55

4.2.1. Direct economic losses 55

4.2.2. Secondary economic losses 55

4.2.3. Social impacts . 57

4.2.4. Environmental Impacts 59

4.3. External drivers 61

4.3.1. The IUU fishers 61

4.3.2. Open registers . 64

4.3.3. Inadequate high seas governance 70

4.3.4. DWFN fleet overcapacity and the role of subsidies. 74

4.4. Summary76

5. Lessons Learned and Solutions. 77

5.1. Lessons Learned from the Case Studies .77

5.1.1. General Characterisation of the Fisheries . 77

5.1.2. IUU in Mixed Fishery States 77

5.1.3. IUU in Tuna Fishery States . 81

5.2. Solutions based on Lessons Learned 83

5.2.1. Strengthening MCS and governance 83

5.2.2. Training and regional cooperation . 84

5.2.3. Market/trade controls and the Lacey Act . 85

5.3. Cost-Benefit considerations .88

5.4. Summary98

6. Conclusions . 99

6.1. The total value and impacts of IUU fishing.99

6.2. Governance as a driving force .101

7. Recommendations . 103

8. Annex A. Summary Table of IUU Incidents . 106

9. Annex B. Case Studies 137

9.1. Tuna .137

9.2. Guinea (Conakry) .144

9.2.1. Status of the Fishery 144

9.2.2. Assessment of IUU Losses . 145

9.2.3. The State of Control and Regulation . 147

9.3. Liberia/Sierra Leone .148

9.3.1. Status of the Fishery 148

9.3.2. Assessment of IUU Losses . 149

9.3.3. The State of Control and Regulation . 150

9.3.4. Capacity and Support 151

9.3.5. Comparison with Sierra Leone 151

9.4. Angola 153

9.4.1. Status of the Fishery 153

9.4.2. Assessment of IUU Losses . 153

9.4.3. The State of Control and Regulation . 155

9.5. Namibia 156

9.5.1. Status of the Fishery 156

9.5.2. Assessment of IUU Losses . 159

9.5.3. The State of Control and Regulation . 160

9.6. Mozambique.161

9.6.1. Status of the Fishery 161

9.6.2. Assessment of IUU Losses . 162

9.6.3. The State of Control and Regulation . 163

9.7. Kenya .164

9.7.1. Status of the Fishery 164

9.7.2. Assessment of IUU Losses . 165

9.7.3. The State of Control and Regulation . 166

9.8. Somalia 166

9.9. Seychelles167

9.9.1. Status of the Fishery 167

9.9.2. Assessing IUU Losses. 168

9.9.3. Status of Control and Regulation. 169

9.10. Papua New Guinea 169

9.10.1. Status of the Fishery 169

9.10.2. Assessing IUU Losses. 170

9.10.3. The State of Control and Regulation . 173

10. Annex C. Terms of Reference . 175