| | Conceptual Model for the Transport of Energetic Residues from |
| | 1,19 | | MB | Surface Soil to Groundwater by Range Activities |
| | 175 | | stron |
| | 6251 | | ID | Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory |
| | 2007 | | rok |
| | Contents |
| | Figures and Tablesvi |
| | Prefacevii |
| | Nomenclatureviii |
| | 1 Introduction1 |
| | Report organization 2 |
| | Background 2 |
| | Overview of supporting investigations 3 |
| | Hydrogeology 4 |
| | Geochemical conditions 5 |
| | Contaminants of potential concern (COPC) 6 |
| | Energetic compounds 6 |
| | Dyes . 7 |
| | White phosphorus (WP) . 8 |
| | Pesticides/herbicides/polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 9 |
| | Polychlorinated napthalenes (PCNs).11 |
| | Dioxins and furans .11 |
| | Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 12 |
| | Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs).12 |
| | Metals 14 |
| | 2 UXO Corrosion16 |
| | Ordnance composition .16 |
| | Surface features.16 |
| | Corrosion mechanisms 17 |
| | Water .17 |
| | Soil and atmosphere19 |
| | Bacteria .20 |
| | UXO corrosion studies 21 |
| | Potential for corrosion at ranges .24 |
| | 3 Conceptual Models of Fate and Transport for Energetic Compounds.27 |
| | Mechanisms of contaminant deposition for non-impact range areas 27 |
| | Open burn/open detonation (OB/OD) sites28 |
| | Gun and mortar firing positions 29 |
| | Anti-tank rocket firing positions.29 |
| | Anti-tank rocket targets .29 |
| | Current conceptual model for ranges .30 |
| | Principal release mechanism30 |
| | Contaminant migration in groundwater37 |
| | ERDC/CRREL TR-06-18 iv |
| | 4 Fate and Transport of Energetic Compounds .38 |
| | Physical processes .38 |
| | Sorption to soil .38 |
| | Chemisorption (absorption) and adsorption.39 |
| | Organic carbon-based water partition coefficient40 |
| | Octanol–water partitioning coefficient .40 |
| | Fraction of organic carbon 41 |
| | Solubility 41 |
| | Volatilization .42 |
| | Advection, dispersion, and dilution.42 |
| | Diffusion 43 |
| | Chemical and biological transformations .43 |
| | Hydrolysis 44 |
| | Aqueous speciation44 |
| | Aqueous complexation 45 |
| | Abiotic reduction 45 |
| | Polymerization and dimerization.46 |
| | Energetic compound fate-and-transport properties.46 |
| | 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) .46 |
| | Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX).61 |
| | Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)70 |
| | Dinitrotoluenes (DNT) 76 |
| | Other explosive compounds 83 |
| | Perchlorate 89 |
| | 5 Case History: Application of Conceptual Model and Fate-and-Transport Concepts to Camp |
| | Edwards .95 |
| | Impact area 95 |
| | Soil .95 |
| | Groundwater96 |
| | OB/OD area 99 |
| | Gun and mortar firing positions 100 |
| | Rocket range.101 |
| | Summary 103 |
| | 6 Training, Surface Soil, and Groundwater Relationship . 104 |
| | Surface soil sample result uncertainty .106 |
| | Impact and source-term estimates for specific military activities .107 |
| | High-order detonations 107 |
| | Low-order detonations.110 |
| | Unexploded ordnance113 |
| | Open burning/open detonation 115 |
| | Summary .115 |
| | 7 Conclusions. 118 |
| | 8 Recommendations. 119 |
| | ERDC/CRREL TR-06-18 v |
| | Nature and particle size of high-explosive residues.119 |
| | Laboratory dissolution rate evaluations120 |
| | Lysimeter studies of pore-water 121 |
| | Improved soil sampling methodologies.122 |
| | Summary 123 |
| | 9 References 124 |
| | Appendix A. Physical and chemical properties of explosives and other compounds. 153 |
| | Report Documentation Page157 |