Measures to Prevent, Intercept and Respond to Illicit Uses of

4,25
MB Nuclear Material and Radioactive Sources

654
stron

6262
ID International Atomic Energy Agency

2002
rok

CONTENTS

OPENING REMARKS

Welcoming Remarks 3

J. Melin

Welcoming Remarks 4

L.-H. Wide

Keynote Address 5

R. Ekeus

Opening Address 9

M. ElBaradei

THREATS AND RESPONSES (Session 1)

Nuclear terrorism: How real is the threat? . 13

A. Schmid

Threats and risks: New threats in terrorism (IAEA-CN-86/93) . 47

R. Maroto

The threat of nuclear terrorism (IAEA-CN-86/89). 53

M. Maerli

The IAEA programme activities addressing illicit trafficking in nuclear materials and other

radioactive sources (IAEA-CN-86/90) 66

W.J. Meehan

ASSESSING THREATS AND EVALUATING VULNERABILITY (Session 2)

Nuclear regulatory measures to prevent illicit use of nuclear materials and radioactive sources . 75



S. Fernández Moreno

Establishing design basis threats for the physical protection of nuclear materials and facilities

(IAEA-CN-86/36) 82

S. Chetvergov

The concept of risk in the design basis threat: Can complexity theory help us understand it? (IAEA-

CN-86/59) 89

J.M. Reynolds

Security studies (IAEA-CN-86/16) 94

R. Venot

About the role of human factors in the building of physical protection system (IAEA-CN-86/54) 100



P. Ivanov

Assessment of physical protection systems: EVA method (IAEA-CN-86/13) 105

J.-L. Bernard, C. Lamotte, A. Jorda

Physical protection against sabotage (IAEA-CN-86/22) 117

A. Hagemann

PHYSICAL PROTECTION I (Session 3)

Strengthening global physical protection practices: Gaining better information on national practices

for protection of nuclear material . 125

G. Bunn, R. Rinne, F. Steinhäusler,

Role and place of the operating body (utility) in the system of measures to combat illicit trafficking

of radioactive materials including nuclear materials (IAEA-CN-86/55) 132

V. Kokhan, P. Ivanov

Joint US–Russian co-operation to enhance protection of weapons usable nuclear material in the

Russian Federation (IAEA-CN-86/62) . 136

P. Cahalane

The UK national response plan — An “all risks” approach (IAEA-CN-86/58) 142

C. Englefield

Overview of the activities on prevention and combating illicit trafficking in nuclear materials and

upgrading of physical protection systems in the Czech Republic (IAEA-CN-86/8) . 146

J. Sedlacek, L. Bartak

The German system to prevent, detect and respond to illicit use of nuclear materials and

radioactive sources (IAEA-CN-86/21). 160

J.B. Fechner

The Swedish police as a part of the security systems of nuclear and other radioactive materials

(IAEA-CN-86/77) 182

L.M. Nylén

Protecting facilities against terrorism and sabotage: Is Jamaica prepared to deal with this potential

threat? (IAEA-CN-86/35) 195

E.D. Powell

PHYSICAL PROTECTION II (Session 4)

Ukraine–Japanese–Swedish project: Upgrading of perimeter protection system at the Kharkov

Institute of Physics and Technology (IAEA-CN-86/56). 201

V. Mikahaylov, V. Lapshin, P. Ek, L. Flyghed, A. Nilsson, N. Ooka, K. Shimizu, K. Tanuma

The Halland Model — An innovative model for the physical protection of a nuclear facility (IAEA-

CN-86/76) 206

A. Boode

Modernization of the physical protection system of IPEN-CNEN/SP (IAEA-CN-86/83) 210

F.F. Suzuki

Protection of nuclear installations and nuclear material against malevolent actions (IAEA-CN-86/14).

213

J. Aurelle

Evaluation of effectiveness of physical protection systems at nuclear facilities in Slovakia (IAEA-

CN-86/47). 221

A. ��tefulová

PHYSICAL PROTECTION III (Session 5)

Revised physical protection at Australia’s forty-year old research reactor (IAEA-CN-86/1) . 227

J. Bellinger, E. Ryan

Physical protection upgrade in an existing research reactor (IAEA-CN-86/43) 232

A.R. Ostrowski, S. Atkinson, J. Koziel, C.E. Robertson

Upgrading of physical protection of nuclear materials in an old nuclear research reactor facility

(IAEA-CN-86/9) 235

I. Badawy

Physical protection at nuclear power plants in Sweden (IAEA-CN-86/50). 239

T. Molander

INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS, STANDARDS & NATIONAL REGULATORY SYSTEMS (Session

6)

Ongoing efforts to strengthen the international physical protection regime (IAEA-CN-86/97) . 247

M. Gregori��,

The safety and security of radioactive materials (IAEA-CN-86/27) 259

A.D. Wrixon, P. Ortiz-López, B. Dodd

Assessment of the threat from diverted radioactive material and “orphan sources” — An

international comparison (IAEA-CN-86/39). 273

F. Steinhäusler, M. Bremer-Maerli, L. Zaitseva

The declaration regime: An efficient tool to improve control and protection of nuclear materials in

France (IAEA-CN-86/18) . 284

L. Pillette-Cousin

Revising national physical protection regulations for nuclear facilities (IAEA-CN-86/51) 292

S. Isaksson

The financial implications of certain types of cross-border pollution: The polluter-pays principle

(IAEA-CN-86/15) . 296

J.P. Montmayeul

Radioactivity in scrap recycling: Monitoring, detecting and regulatory issues (IAEA-CN-86/34) 301

R. Gallini, V. Berna, A. Bonora

ILLICIT TRAFFICKING – INTERNATIONAL ISSUES AND RESPONSES

(Session 7)

Nuclear smuggling: Adaptability, organized crime and undercover operations 309

P. Williams, P.N. Woessner

The World Customs Organization’s partnership concept (IAEA-CN-86/72) 335

E. Saka

Open source information (IAEA-CN-86/79) 345

J. Sjöberg

Russian spent marine fuel as a global security risk (IAEA-CN-86/40) 350

O.C. Reistad, K. Gussgard

Technical considerations for detection of and response to illicit trafficking in radioactive materials

(IAEA-CN-86/29) . 361

K.E. Duftschmid, P. Beck, J. Cunningham, R. Arlt, J.P. Gayral, N. Kravchenko, D. Smith, R. York



ILLICIT TRAFFICKING — TECHNOLOGY AND METHODS (Session 8)

Improvement of equipment needed for the detection and characterization of nuclear material and

radioactive sources at borders (IAEA-CN-86/28) . 389

R. Arlt, A. Kovar, P. Beck, M. Swoboda, K.E. Duftschmid

Detection of smuggling of nuclear material covered by a legal transport of radioactive material

(IAEA-CN-86/26). 398

J. Safár, J. Zsigrai, N.C. Tam, L. Lakosi

Experiences from the ITRAP pilot study (IAEA-CN-86/75). 402

C. Schmitzer, P. Beck

A proposal for an international tagging system for radioactive materials (IAEA-CN-86/73) 415

M. Bahran

Methodology for evaluating port vulnerability to nuclear smuggling (IAEA-CN-86/61) . 417

D.R. Ek

A ‘tubeless’ portable radiation search tool (PRST) for special nuclear material . 422

R. Seymour, C.D. Hull, T. Crawford, M. Bliss, R.A. Craig

NATIONAL RESPONSES (Session 9)

Prevention of the use of legal trafficking for nuclear material and radioactive source smuggling 427



N. Kravchenko

Assisting Eastern European countries in the setting up of a national response to nuclear smuggling

(IAEA-CN-86/11) 434

W. Janssens, P. Daures, K. Mayer, O. Cromboom, A. Schubert, L. Koch

Domestic co-operation in combating illegal nuclear traffic: Experience of the Emergency Service

Centre (IAEA-CN-86/44) 442

G. Smagala, R. Tanczyk