| | HYDROGEN & FUEL CELLS |
| | 1,47 | | MB |
| | 208 | | stron |
| | 6265 | | ID | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY |
| | 2004 | | rok |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | Executive Summary 11 |
| | Introduction 17 |
| | Methodology 17 |
| | Overview 18 |
| | PART 1: THEMATIC OVERVIEW 21 |
| | 1. Fuel Cells 23 |
| | Overview of fuel cells 23 |
| | Fuel Cell Types 24 |
| | Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) 24 |
| | Phosphoric Acid (PAFC) 25 |
| | Direct Methanol (DMFC) 25 |
| | Alkaline (AFC) 26 |
| | Molten Carbonate (MCFC) 27 |
| | Solid Oxide (SOFC) 28 |
| | Major programs on fuel cell technologies 29 |
| | R&D efforts directed at specific fuel cell type 31 |
| | R&D on Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells 32 |
| | R&D on Phosphoric Acid (PAFC) fuel cells 32 |
| | R&D on Direct Methanol (DMFC) fuel cells 32 |
| | R&D on Alkaline (AFC) fuel cells 33 |
| | R&D on Molten Carbonate (MCFC) fuel cells 33 |
| | R&D on Solid Oxide (SOFC) fuel cells 34 |
| | Fuel Cells: Basic R&D 35 |
| | Australia 35 |
| | Europe 36 |
| | Japan 36 |
| | Korea 37 |
| | North America 37 |
| | Transportation fuel cell demonstrations 38 |
| | Overview 38 |
| | Europe 39 |
| | Japan 41 |
| | Korea 41 |
| | Australia 41 |
| | North America 42 |
| | Stationary fuel cell demonstrations 43 |
| | Overview 43 |
| | Europe 43 |
| | Japan 45 |
| | Korea 46 |
| | North America 46 |
| | 2. Hydrogen Production 49 |
| | Overview on hydrogen production 49 |
| | Electrolysis – An overview 50 |
| | Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels 50 |
| | Steam reformation 51 |
| | Gasification of coal 51 |
| | Other fossil fuel sources 52 |
| | Hydrogen from renewable sources (using electrolysis) 54 |
| | Wind 54 |
| | Solar 54 |
| | Hydro 55 |
| | Cross-cutting 56 |
| | Hydrogen from Biomass 56 |
| | Hydrogen production from nuclear energy 57 |
| | Photo-electrochemical 58 |
| | Biological and photolytic systems 60 |
| | Hydrogen production from Boron 62 |
| | CO2 Capture and Storage 62 |
| | Overview 62 |
| | Australia 63 |
| | Belgium 64 |
| | Canada 64 |
| | Germany 65 |
| | Italy 66 |
| | Japan 66 |
| | The Netherlands 67 |
| | Norway 68 |
| | United Kingdom 69 |
| | United States 70 |
| | European Commission 71 |
| | Other International Efforts 73 |
| | 3. Hydrogen Storage, Transportation and Distribution 75 |
| | Overview of hydrogen storage 75 |
| | Compressed gas 76 |
| | Cryogenic storage 76 |
| | Hydrides 77 |
| | Nanotube (Carbon Material) Storage 78 |
| | Chemically Stored Hydrogen 78 |
| | Transportation and distribution of hydrogen 80 |
| | Overview 80 |
| | Synthesis of IEA government activities 81 |
| | 4. Hydrogen Safety, Codes & Standards 83 |
| | Overview on hydrogen safety codes and standards 83 |
| | Summary of the IEA Governments‘ activities 83 |
| | Australia 83 |
| | Europe 84 |
| | Japan 84 |
| | North America 85 |
| | 5. Policy Studies & Targets 87 |
| | Overview of IEA government policy studies 87 |
| | Policy Program Targets 89 |
| | Australia 89 |
| | Austria 89 |
| | Belgium 89 |
| | Canada 90 |
| | Denmark 91 |
| | Finland 91 |
| | France 91 |
| | Germany 92 |
| | Greece 93 |
| | Italy 93 |
| | Japan 94 |
| | Korea 95 |
| | Netherlands 96 |
| | Norway 96 |
| | Spain 97 |
| | Sweden 97 |
| | Switzerland 97 |
| | Turkey 97 |
| | United Kingdom 98 |
| | United States 99 |
| | The European Union (EU) 101 |
| | Nordic energy research 101 |
| | 6. Public Education 103 |
| | Overview of IEA Government public education activities 103 |
| | PART 2: COUNTRY PROFILES 105 |
| | Australia 107 |
| | Austria 111 |
| | Belgium 115 |
| | Canada 117 |
| | Denmark 121 |
| | Finland 125 |
| | France 128 |
| | Germany 132 |
| | Greece 138 |
| | Italy 141 |
| | Japan 147 |
| | Korea 155 |
| | Netherlands 160 |
| | New Zealand 163 |
| | Norway 164 |
| | Portugal 167 |
| | Spain 169 |
| | Sweden 173 |
| | Switzerland 175 |
| | Turkey 178 |
| | United Kingdom 180 |
| | United States 186 |
| | European Union 194 |
| | Useful links and bibliography 199 |