Transnational crime and the interface between legal and illegal

1,81

MB

actors

242

stron

6267

ID

Leiden University, Centre of Environmental Science, The Netherlands

2006

rok

Table of contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Research questions 3

1.2 Definitions and data sources 5

1.3 Plan of the book 6

1.4 The rise of (the study of) transnational crime in the 1990s and beyond 7

1.5 General assumptions about transnational crime 9

1.5.1 Transnational crime as a new phenomenon 10

1.5.2 Large (ethnically defined) criminal organizations as typical manifestation of transnational

crime 11

1.5.3 Collaboration between transnational criminal organizations as a way to divide the criminal

underworld 12

1.5.4 Globalization as the primary cause of transnational crime 12

1.5.5 Transnational crime as cause of criminal infiltration of legitimate businesses and governments

13

Chapter 2 Interfaces between legal and illegal actors – from bricks to the Bahamas

2.1 Introduction 15

2.2 Passas’ typology of interfaces 16

2.2.1 A definition of transnational crime 16

2.2.2 Legal and illegal actors 18

2.2.3 Entreprise crime, political crime and hybrid crime 20

2.2.4 Antithetical interfaces 21

Antagonistic relationships 22

Parasitical and predatory interfaces 23

Injurious interface 24

2.2.5 Symbiotic interfaces 25

Outsourcing 25

Collaboration 26

Co-optation 26

Reciprocity 27

(Systemic) Synergy 29

Funding 30

Legal interactions 31

Legal actors committing organized crimes 31

2.2.6 Conclusion section 2.2: the interface typology 13

2.3 Three extentions of the interface typology: individuals, organizations and jurisdictions as

interface 33

2.3.1 Solo in transnational crime 34

2.3.2 Legitimate organizations as interface 36

2.3.3 Jurisdictions as interface 37

2.4 Conclusions 39

Chapter 3 Individuals and legitimate organizations as interface

3.1 Individuals as interface 41

3.1.1 Case studies of individuals as interface 44

Monzer Al Kassar 45

Victor Bout 48

Fouad Abbas 52

3.1.2 Common characteristics 53

3.1.3 Brokers in transnational crime 54

3.1.4 Transnational (criminal) dealers 55

3.1.5 Conclusion section 3.1: individuals as interface 56

3.2 Legitimate organizations as interface 56

3.2.1 Case studies of legitimate organizations as interface 57

International Overseas Services 57

Banco Ambrosiano 60

Nugan Hand Bank 62

Bank of Credit and Commerce International 64

The Dutch ‘Coffee Shop’ 66

Noraid 68

The CIA and other intelligence agencies 70

3.2.2 Legitimate organizations as interface 73

3.2.3 The coffee shop model 74

3.2.4 The Abrosiano model 75

3.2.5 Conclusion section 3.2: legal organizations as interface 76

Chapter 4 Jurisdictions and other geographically defined entities as interface

4.1 Introduction 79

4.2 Jurisdictions and other geographically defined entities as interface I 79

4.3 Tax havens, bank secrecy jurisdictions and offshore financial centres 81

4.4 Jurisdictions and other geographically defined entities as interface II 84

4.5 De facto interfaces I: the arms trade 86

4.5.1 Arms supermarkets as de facto interfaces 87

4.5.2 Dutch arms export policies as de facto interfaces 88

4.6 De facto interfaces II: corrupt networks 90

4.6.1 Club 45 in Vienna 91

4.6.2 Propaganda Due (P2) in Italy and South America 95

4.7 Conclusions 96

Chapter 5 Order in the chaos: the lock model

5.1. Introduction 99

5.2 The lock model 99

5.3 The lock function of individuals 101

5.4 The lock function of legitimate organizations 103

5.5 The lock function of jurisdictions 105

5.6 Conclusions 108

Chapter 6 The transnational illicit art and antiquities trade: research outline and data sources

6.1 Introduction 111

6.2 Data sources 112

6.2.1 Official sources 112

The Inspectorate of Cultural Heritage in the Netherlands 113

The art squad of the national police in France 114

New Scotland Yard and the Ministry of Culture in the United Kingdom 115

The art and antiquities unit of the Carabinieri in Italy 115

6.2.2 Interviews with experts 115

Archaeologists and museum curators 116

Art dealers 116

Other persons 117

6.2.3 Media reports, non-academic literature and specialized media 117

IFAR Journal 117

Illicit Antiquities Research Centre 118

Media reports 118

The Museum Security Network reports 119

Non-academic literature 119

6.3 Opportunities and limitations of the sources 119

Studies based on official sources 119

Studies based on the social environment of criminals 120

Studies based on media reports and studies by investigative Journalists 121

6.4 Conclusions 122

Annex 1 Defining the illicit art and antiquities trade 123

Annex 2 Specialized police agencies dealing with art crimes 127

Chapter 7 The illicit art and antiquities trade: an introduction

7.1 Introduction 129

7.2 The illicit trade 129

7.2.1 Art theft 130

7.2.2 Fakes and forgeries 131

7.2.3 Looting and smuggling of antiquities 132

7.2.4 War, civil war and occupation 135

7.3 The extent of the illicit trade 137

7.4 The link between the illicit art and antiquities trade and other illegal markets 139

7.5 Conclusions 142

Chapter 8 Interfaces and the illicit art trade

8.1 Introduction 143

8.2 The interface typology 144

8.2.1 Antithetical interface 144

Injurious interface 144

Antagonistic and (systemic-) synergy interface 145

Predatory interface 149

Parasitical interface 150

8.2.2 Symbiotic interfaces 152

Collaboration 152

Reciprocity 153

Outsourcing 154

Co-optation 155

Funding 156

8.2.3 New and superfluous interface 156

8.3 States conflict and crimes related to art 158

8.4 The lock model and the interface typology: case studies from France, Italy and the Netherlands

161

8.5 Conclusions 166

Chapter 9 Interfaces and the illicit antiquities trade

9.1 Introduction 167

9.2 The interface typology 168

9.2.1 Antithetical interfaces 169

Injurious interface 169

Antagonistic and (systemic-) synergy interface 173

Facilitating interface 177

Predatory and parasitical interface 178

9.2.2 Symbiotic interfaces 179