| | Understanding and Applying the Concept of Sustainable |
| | 5,91 | | MB | Development to Transportation Planning and Decision-Making in |
| | 872 | | stron | the U.S. |
| | 6274 | | ID | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| | 2006 | | rok |
| | CONTENTS |
| | ABSTRACT . 4 |
| | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 5 |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS . 7 |
| | LIST OF TABLES 12 |
| | LIST OF FIGURES 13 |
| | LIST OF BOXES 16 |
| | APPENDICES . 17 |
| | 1 INTRODUCTION . 19 |
| | 1.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 20 |
| | 1.2 DISSERTATION OUTLINE . 20 |
| | 2 CONCERN FOR A GLOBAL FUTURE 36 |
| | 2.1 HUMAN NEEDS . 37 |
| | 2.1.1 Philosophies of Ethics and the Good Life . 40 |
| | 2.1.2 The Psychology of Human Needs . 45 |
| | 2.1.3 Human Development . 55 |
| | 2.1.4 Income and Well-being 62 |
| | 2.1.5 Conclusion 67 |
| | 2.2 SOCIAL JUSTICE, INEQUALITY, AND THE SOCIAL CONTRACT BETWEEN THE GOVERNED |
| | AND THE GOVERNMENT . 70 |
| | 2.2.1 The Social Contract and the Theory of Justice 71 |
| | 2.2.2 Operationalizing the Social Contract . 78 |
| | 2.2.3 Equality of What? 91 |
| | 2.3 RAPID TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE 98 |
| | 2.3.1 Sustaining and Disrupting Innovation 105 |
| | 2.3.2 Technology, Society, and Sustainable Development . 115 |
| | 2.4 LIVING BEYOND OUR ECOLOGICAL MEANS: THE TECHNOLOGY DEBATE 119 |
| | 2.4.1 Technological Optimism 123 |
| | 2.5 TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND GLOBALIZATION 126 |
| | 2.6 REFERENCES 136 |
| | 3 THE EMERGENCE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT . 145 |
| | 3.1 THE RISE OF NATIONAL ACTIVITIES TO PROTECT THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT DURING |
| | THE TWENTIETH CENTURY . 148 |
| | 3.1.1 The Transition from Conventional Development to Sustainable Development 151 |
| | 3.2 A NATIONAL FOCUS ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT 155 |
| | 3.2.1 The U.S. Environmental Agenda (1960 - 1970) 155 |
| | 3.3 THE RISE OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONCERN FOR THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT .168 |
| | 3.3.1 The Pre-Stockholm Deliberations (1968 - 1972) . 175 |
| | 3.3.2 Influential Publications Released Prior to the Stockholm Conference (1971 - 1972) 180 |
| | 3.3.3 The Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment (1972) 191 |
| | 3.3.3.1 The Declaration of the UN Conference on the Human Environment 192 |
| | 3.3.3.2 The Action Plan for the Human Environment . 197 |
| | 3.3.3.3 The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Environment Fund .199 |
| | 3.3.4 The Cocoyoc Symposium on Patterns of Resource Use, Environment, and Development |
| | Strategies (1974) . 202 |
| | 3.3.5 The Emergence of a Concern for the Global Climate . 211 |
| | 3.3.6 The Emergence of a Concern for Occupational Safety and Health 216 |
| | 3.3.7 The 1973/4 and 1979 Oil Shocks . 218 |
| | 3.3.8 Reflection on a Decade of Debate (the 1970s) . 220 |
| | 3.4 THE RISE OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONCERN FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 228 |
| | 3.4.1 U.S. Environmental Legislation and International Treaties and Conventions: 1980 to 2004 . 229 |
| | |
| | 3.4.2 The 1980 World Conservation Strategy . 237 |
| | 3.4.3 The Brundtland Commission and Our Common Future (1983 - 1987) . 244 |
| | 3.4.4 The UN Conference on Environment and Development - The Earth Summit (1992) . 249 |
| | 3.4.4.1 The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 255 |
| | 3.4.4.2 Agenda 21 and the UN Commission on Sustainable Development 262 |
| | 3.4.4.3 Rio’s Unasked Questions 263 |
| | 3.4.5 Earth Summit II (1997) 267 |
| | 3.4.6 The World Summit on Sustainable Development - Earth Summit III (2002) 274 |
| | 3.5 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION 282 |
| | 3.5.1 What is Globalization? . 283 |
| | 3.5.2 The Role of Government and International Organizations in a Global Economy 287 |
| | 3.5.3 Conclusion 290 |
| | 3.6 REFERENCES 292 |
| | 4 CONCEPTS AND ORGANIZING FRAMEWORKS . 300 |
| | 4.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT . 300 |
| | 4.1.1 Metaphors and Discourses of Sustainable Development . 301 |
| | 4.1.2 Definitions and Challenges 309 |
| | 4.1.3 Conceptualizing Sustainable Development . 314 |
| | 4.1.4 The Role of Government in Sustainable Development . 318 |
| | 4.2 ORGANIZING FRAMEWORKS . 323 |
| | 4.2.1 Environmental and Resource Economics 323 |
| | 4.2.1.1 Externalities . 327 |
| | 4.2.1.2 Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) and Valuation Techniques . 328 |
| | 4.2.1.3 Problems with BCA . 330 |
| | 4.2.1.4 Trade-off and Positional Analysis as Alternatives to BCA . 335 |
| | 4.2.1.5 A Hybrid Trade-off/Positional Analysis Framework 343 |
| | 4.2.1.6 Using a Trade-off Matrix for Technology Assessment to Encourage Dynamic System |
| | Transformations . 346 |
| | 4.2.1.7 Conclusion . 347 |
| | 4.2.2 Ecological Economics . 348 |
| | 4.2.3 Technology as a Driver: The Role of Government in Stimulating Technological Innovation 355 |
| | |
| | 4.2.3.1 Implicit Assumptions about Technological Innovation in Neo-Classical Environmental and |
| | Ecological Economics 355 |
| | 4.2.3.2 The Classical Linear Model of Technological Innovation 356 |
| | 4.2.3.3 Static versus Dynamic Efficiency 359 |
| | 4.2.3.4 Government’s Role in Achieving Dynamic Efficiency: Beyond the Porter Hypothesis . 360 |
| | 4.2.3.5 The Need to Go Beyond Product and Process Innovation 362 |
| | 4.2.3.6 Strategic Niche Management and Transition Management 367 |
| | 4.2.3.7 The Three-layered Approach for System Innovation 370 |
| | 4.2.3.8 The Integration of Government Interventions 372 |
| | 4.2.4 Trade, and International and National/Regional Markets, as Drivers of Change . 374 |
| | 4.2.5 Financing for Sustainable Development . 381 |
| | 4.2.6 Stakeholder Participation . 382 |
| | 4.3 REFERENCES 387 |
| | 5 MEASURING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (THE CHOICE OF METRICS) . 398 |
| | 5.1 THE CYBERNETIC SOCIETY . 398 |
| | 5.2 WHAT IS AN INDICATOR? HOW SHOULD INDICATORS BE DEVELOPED? . 399 |
| | 5.3 THE INFLUENCE OF INDICATORS ON POLICY AGENDAS . 403 |
| | 5.4 INDICATOR DEVELOPMENT DURING THE 21ST CENTURY . 404 |
| | 5.5 INDEXES AND INDICATOR FRAMEWORKS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT . 408 |
| | 5.5.1 Partial Sets of Indicators . 410 |
| | 5.5.2 Indexes/Holistic Indicators . 411 |
| | 5.5.3 Holistic Indicator Frameworks . 415 |
| | 5.6 A CLOSER LOOK AT THE OECD AND UNCSD INDICATOR FRAMEWORKS . 416 |
| | 5.7 THE HALL-REVISED UNCSD INDICATOR FRAMEWORK . 423 |
| | 5.7.1 Changes to the Social Category . 425 |
| | 5.7.2 Changes to the Environmental Category 428 |
| | 5.7.3 Changes to the Economic Category 428 |
| | 5.7.4 Changes to the Institutional Category . 430 |
| | 5.7.5 New Category - Peace and Security 430 |
| | 5.7.6 What is not Included? 431 |
| | 5.8 REFERENCES 441 |
| | 6 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION 447 |
| | 6.1 THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: TERMINOLOGY AND SYSTEM REPRESENTATIONS 447 |
| | 6.1.1 System Purpose 448 |
| | 6.1.2 Integrated Network of Sub-systems 448 |
| | 6.1.3 An Open, Large Scale System 449 |
| | 6.1.4 Movement and System Inputs and Outputs . 449 |
| | 6.1.5 System Complexity 451 |
| | 6.1.6 System Representation . 452 |
| | 6.1.7 Conclusion 458 |
| | 6.2 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION . 458 |
| | 6.2.1 Transportation and Its Relationship to the Concern for Sustainable Development 460 |
| | 6.2.2 Definitions and Principles of Sustainable Transportation 468 |
| | 6.2.3 The Transportation System and the Economy 478 |
| | 6.2.4 Applying Sustainable Development Principles to the Transportation System: An Alternative |
| | Framework to the Three E’s 484 |
| | 6.2.4.1 Preserving Natural Capital for Future Generations (Sa) 487 |
| | 6.2.4.2 Preserving the [Quasi-]Option Value of Human and Manufactured Capital for Future |
| | Generations (Sb) . 489 |
| | 6.2.4.3 Improving Quality of Life (QoL) for Individuals (Da) 497 |
| | Safety, Security, and Sustenance . 499 |
| | Competence, Efficacy, and Self-esteem 501 |
| | Autonomy and Authenticity . 505 |
| | Connectedness 506 |
| | Concluding Remarks - Improving QoL by Satisfying Basic Human Needs . 508 |
| | 6.2.4.4 Ensuring a Fair Distribution of Life-Quality (Db) . 508 |
| | 6.2.4.5 Conclusion: Combining the Sustainable Transportation and Sustainable Development |
| | Perspectives on Transportation 516 |
| | 6.3 A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION DECISION-SUPPORT FRAMEWORK . 521 |
| | 6.4 CONNECTING THE HALL-REVISED UNCSD INDICATOR FRAMEWORK WITH INDICATORS |
| | OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION . 527 |
| | 6.5 REFERENCES 547 |