DEVELOPING ARSENIC PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY FOR NEW

3,78

MB

ZEALAND

59

stron

6285

ID

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne & Vrije, Universiteit Brussel

2005

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 ABSTRACT 2

2 RÉSUMÉ 3

3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5

4.1 LIST OF FIGURES 6

4.2 LIST OF TABLES 6

4.3 LIST OF GRAPHS 6

5 INTRODUCTION 7

5.1 ARSENIC AND THE PROBLEM OF ARSENIC POLLUTION 7

5.1.1 Arsenic in the environment 7

5.1.2 Arsenic in soils 9

5.1.3 Arsenic in aquatic systems 9

5.1.4 Arsenic and human health 10

5.2 PHYTOREMEDIATION 11

5.2.1 Advantages and limitations of phytoremediation 12

5.3 HYPERACCUMULATORS AND PHYTOEXTRACTION FOR REMEDIATION 12

5.3.1 Hyperaccumulators 12

5.3.2 Distribution of hyperaccumulators 13

5.3.3 The process of hyperaccumulation 14

5.3.4 Raison d’être for hyperaccumulators 15

5.3.5 Phytoextraction for phytoremediation 15

5.4 ARSENIC HYPERACCUMULATION, THE FOUNDATION FOR AS PHYTOREMEDIATION 17

5.5 BASIS FOR STUDY AND AIMS 17

6 MATERIALS AND METHODS 19

6.1 GREENHOUSE TRIAL 19

6.1.1 Preparation of soil and ferns growing 19

6.2 ARSENIC CONCENTRATION IN PLANTS FROM TVZ 20

6.2.1 Study area 20

6.2.2 Sample collection and pre-treatment 21

6.2.3 Sample preparation and As determination 22

7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 24

7.1 GREENHOUSE TRIAL 24

7.2 SURVEY OF NEW ZEALAND VEGETATION IN THE TVZ 25

7.2.1 Summary of the results 25

7.2.2 Arsenic accumulation by terrestrial plants from the tvz 27

7.2.3 Arsenic accumulation by aquatic plants from the tvz 27

7.2.4 Bioaccumulation coefficient 28

7.2.5 Aquatic macrophytes for the bio-indication of As 29

7.2.6 Aquatic macrophytes for the phytoremediation of As contaminated water 30

7.2.7 Ecological and health implications 31

7.2.8 Genetic resource 32

8 SUMMARISING CONCLUSION 33

9 REFERENCES 34

10 APPENDIX 38