| | Johnson Space Center’s Role in a Sustainable Future |
| | 5,26 | | MB |
| | 133 | | stron |
| | 6330 | | ID | National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| | 2004 | | rok |
| | Contents |
| | 1 Introduction1 |
| | 1.1 Key Environmental Issues .1 |
| | 1.1.1 Population .1 |
| | 1.1.2 Air Pollution3 |
| | 1.1.3 Water Supply .4 |
| | 1.1.4 Food Supply 5 |
| | 1.1.5 Deforestation & Decline of Biodiversity 6 |
| | 1.1.6 Waste Generation.7 |
| | 1.1.7 Ozone Depletion7 |
| | 1.1.8 Climate Change (or “Global Warming”) 8 |
| | 1.1.9 Energy.12 |
| | 1.2 Sustainability.13 |
| | 1.2.1 What is Sustainability? 13 |
| | 1.2.2 Recent Studies .14 |
| | 1.2.3 Economic Considerations.16 |
| | 1.3 The Future.16 |
| | 2 Ongoing Environmental Sustainability Efforts17 |
| | 2.1 International ¾ United Nations .17 |
| | 2.2 Federal Government 17 |
| | 2.2.1 Environmental Protection Agency18 |
| | 2.2.2 Department of Energy21 |
| | 2.2.3 Presidential Executive Orders and Legislation .23 |
| | 2.2.4 NASA24 |
| | 2.2.5 Other .28 |
| | 2.3 Non-Federal Efforts.29 |
| | 2.3.1 National Council for Science and the Environment 29 |
| | 2.3.2 Texas State Offices 29 |
| | 2.3.3 Sustainability Research, Education and Practice.30 |
| | 2.4 Success Stories 32 |
| | 3 Measuring Progress.32 |
| | 3.1 Existing Metrics and Indicators .32 |
| | 3.1.1 International “Environmental Sustainability Index” .32 |
| | 3.1.2 U.S. Interagency Working Group on Sustainable Development Indicators .32 |
| | 3.1.3 NASA Environmental Tracking System.33 |
| | 3.1.4 Air Pollution Emission Factors 33 |
| | 3.1.5 Other Sources 34 |
| | 3.2 Proposed Indicators for JSC.34 |
| | 3.3 Historical Performance at JSC .36 |
| | 4 Technological Developments.39 |
| | 4.1 Air39 |
| | 4.1.1 Air Monitoring.40 |
| | 4.1.2 Air Treatment Technologies.40 |
| | 4.1.3 Adhesives 40 |
| | 4.1.4 Painting .40 |
| | 4.2 Agriculture and Food.40 |
| | 4.3 Energy.42 |
| | 4.3.1 Energy Conservation42 |
| | 4.3.2 Energy Efficiency 43 |
| | 4.3.3 Combined Heat and Power ¾ Cogeneration 44 |
| | 4.3.4 Gas Turbines44 |
| | 4.3.5 Fossil Fuels and Carbon Sequestration.44 |
| | 4.3.6 Nuclear Fission and Fusion45 |
| | 4.3.7 Wind45 |
| | 4.3.8 Solar Photovoltaic45 |
| | 4.3.9 Solar Thermal 47 |
| | 4.3.10 Landfill Gas.50 |
| | 4.3.11 Bio-Fuels .50 |
| | 4.3.12 Energy Storage 51 |
| | 4.3.13 Backup Power Options 56 |
| | 4.4 Fuel Cells 57 |
| | 4.4.1 Types of Fuel Cells 57 |
| | 4.4.2 Fuel Cell Research.60 |
| | 4.4.3 Fuel Cell Issues61 |
| | 4.4.4 Commercial Availability of Fuel Cells .62 |
| | 4.5 Sustainable Habitats 62 |
| | 4.5.1 “Green” Products and Sources .63 |
| | 4.5.2 Low Heat Gain Roofs 64 |
| | 4.5.3 Windows .64 |
| | 4.5.4 Lighting .65 |
| | 4.5.5 Landscaping.65 |
| | 4.6 Thermal Control66 |
| | 4.6.1 Air-Conditioning Systems66 |
| | 4.6.2 Refrigeration69 |
| | 4.6.3 Thermal Energy Storage 70 |
| | 4.7 Transportation .71 |
| | 4.7.1 Alternative Fuel Vehicles.72 |
| | 4.7.2 Aerial and Space Vehicles .74 |
| | 4.8 Waste 75 |
| | 4.8.1 Hazardous Waste .75 |
| | 4.8.2 Waste Reduction/Recycling .75 |
| | 4.8.3 Waste Processing Technologies .76 |
| | 4.9 Water 77 |
| | 4.9.1 Water Purification Technologies 77 |
| | 4.9.2 Clean Water Efforts .78 |
| | 5 Systems Analysis .78 |
| | 5.1 Study Approach.78 |
| | 5.2 Analysis Details.80 |
| | 5.2.1 Costs and Factors.80 |
| | 5.2.2 Current Technologies Assessed81 |
| | 5.2.3 Future Technologies Assessed .87 |
| | 5.3 Analysis Results88 |
| | 5.3.1 JSC Mass Balance88 |
| | 5.3.2 Potential Savings Due to Various Technologies .89 |
| | 5.3.3 Analysis Summary.89 |
| | 6 Recommendations .90 |
| | 6.1 Technology Investments90 |
| | 6.1.1 Energy Efficient Habitability .93 |
| | 6.1.2 Renewable Energy and Regenerative Fuel Cells.93 |
| | 6.1.3 Electric Vehicles94 |
| | 6.1.4 Waste and Water Reuse .94 |
| | 6.2 JSC Projects 94 |
| | 6.2.1 Solar Recharge Station.95 |
| | 6.2.2 Self-contained Solar Refrigerator.95 |
| | 6.2.3 Fuel Cell UPS 95 |
| | 6.2.4 Building-Integrated Fuel Cells .95 |
| | 6.2.5 Fuel Cell Cart 96 |
| | 6.2.6 Mission Control Backup Power96 |
| | 6.2.7 Energy Conservation and Efficiency Efforts 97 |
| | 6.2.8 Air Conditioning Additives98 |
| | 6.2.9 Heat Driven Air-conditioning 98 |
| | 6.2.10 High-efficiency Chillers.98 |
| | 6.2.11 Solar Water Heaters.99 |
| | 6.2.12 Sustainable Buildings and Test Facilities .99 |
| | 6.2.13 Alternative Fuel Vehicles.99 |
| | 6.2.14 Long-Range Planning Studies 99 |
| | 6.3 Management100 |
| | 6.3.1 Become an Exemplary Federal Facility100 |
| | 6.3.2 Increase Employee Awareness.100 |
| | 6.3.3 Procurement Practices101 |
| | 6.3.4 Partnerships .101 |
| | 6.3.5 Sustainable Technology Projects in Existing Programs 101 |
| | 6.3.6 Education Outreach101 |
| | 6.3.7 Public Relations and Community Outreach102 |
| | 6.3.8 Technology Transfer102 |
| | 6.3.9 Sustainability Team .103 |
| | 6.4 Further Study.103 |
| | 6.4.1 Sustainability indicators.103 |
| | 6.4.2 Systems analysis 103 |
| | 6.4.3 Cost and Benefit Analysis 104 |
| | 7 References.104 |