Effects of anthropogenic activities on snow distribution, and

4,24

MB

melt in an urban environment

180

stron

6339

ID

Norwegian University of Science and Technology

2004

rok

Contents

Abstract i

Acknowledgements iii

List of publications v

List of abbreviations vii

List of figures xiii

List of tables xvii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Background and motivation 1

1.2 Question and objectives 3

1.3 Organization of thesis 6

2 Urban snow hydrology 7

2.1 Effects of anthropogenic activities on urban snow 7

2.2 Urban runoffmechanisms 22

2.3 Urban snowmelt modeling 23

2.4 Conclusions 31

3 Gridded urban hydrological model 33

3.1 Modelling objectives 33

3.2 General workingmethod 35

3.3 GUHMsnow routine 37

3.4 Soil-runoff routine 43

3.5 Land cover specific features 45

3.6 GUHM input data 48

4 Study area and available data 51

4.1 Risvollan catchment 51

4.2 Risvollan urban hydrological station 55

4.3 Voll hydrological station 56

4.4 Hydrological data 56

4.5 Uncertainty in observed discharge 57

5 Observations of snow covered area 61

5.1 Method 61

5.2 Results 66

5.3 Discussion 72

5.4 Conclusions 73

6 Observations of snow water equivalent 75

6.1 Method 75

6.2 Results 77

6.3 Discussion 83

6.4 Conclusions 86

7 Point and catchment scale testing of GUHM 87

7.1 Point testing of GUHMsnow routine 87

7.2 Application of GUHMto the Risvollan catchment 92

7.3 Discussion 112

7.4 Conclusions 115

8 Effects of AA on snow distribution and melt 117

8.1 Land use scenarios 117

8.2 Results 120

8.3 Discussion 131

8.4 Conclusions 136

9 Summary and conclusions 137

9.1 Summary 137

9.2 Main conclusions 141

10 Future work 143

References 145