| | MILITARY HANDBOOK: GROUNDING, BONDING, AND SHIELDING FOR |
| | 9,19 | | MB | ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENTS AND FACILITIES |
| | 812 | | stron |
| | 6362 | | ID | Department of Defense |
| | 1998 | | rok |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | CHAPTER 1- FACILITY GROUND SYSTEM |
| | GENERAL . |
| | APPLICATION. |
| | DEFINITIONS . |
| | REFERENCED DOCUMENTS. |
| | DESCRIPTION. |
| | Facility Ground System . |
| | Grounding and Power Distribution Systems . |
| | Electrical Noise in Communications Systems . |
| | BONDING, SHIELDING, AND GROUNDING RELATIONSHIP . |
| | GROUNDING SAFETY PRACTICES . |
| | CHAPTER 2- EARTHING AND EARTH ELECTRODE SUBSYSTEM OBJECTIVES . |
| | Lightning Discharge . |
| | Fault Protection . |
| | Noise Reduction . |
| | Summary of Requirements . |
| | RESISTANCE REQUIREMENTS.. |
| | General. |
| | Resistance to Earth . |
| | National Electrical Code Requirements . |
| | Department of Defense Communications Electronics Requirements . |
| | Lightning Require meats . |
| | SOIL RESISTIVITY . |
| | Typical Resistivity Ranges . |
| | Environmental Effects . |
| | MEASUREMENT OF SOIL RESISTIVITY . |
| | Measurement Techniques . |
| | One-Electrode Method . |
| | TYPES OF EARTH ELECTRODE SUBSYSTEMS . |
| | General . |
| | Ground Rods . |
| | Buried Horizontal Conductors. |
| | Grids . |
| | Plates . |
| | Metal Frameworks of Buildings . |
| | Water Pipes . |
| | Incidental Metals . |
| | Well Casings . |
| | RESISTANCE PROPERTIES . |
| | Simple Isolated Electrodes . |
| | Driven Rod . |
| | Other Commonly Used Electrodes . |
| | Resistance of Multiple Electrodes . |
| | Two Vertical Rods in Parallel . |
| | Square Array of Vertical Rods . |
| | Horizontal Grid (Mesh). |
| | Vertical Rods Connected by a Grid |
| | Transient Impedance of Electrodes . |
| | Effects of Nonhomogeneous (Layered) Earth |
| | Hemispherical Electrode . |
| | Vertical Rod . |
| | Grids . |
| | MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE-TO-EARTH |
| | Introduction . |
| | Fall-of-Potential Method. |
| | Probe Spacing . |
| | Extensive Electrode Subsystems. |
| | Test Equipments . |
| | Three-Point (Triangulation) Method . |
| | OTHER CONSIDERATIONS . |
| | Surface Voltages Above Earth Electrodes . |
| | Step Voltage Safety Limit . |
| | Step Voltages for Practical Electrodes . |
| | Flush Vertical Rod . |
| | Buried Vertical Rod . |
| | Buried Horizontal Grid. |
| | Minimizing Step Voltage . |
| | Heating of Electrodes . |
| | Steady State Current . |
| | Transient Current. |
| | Minimum Electrode Size . |
| | 2.9 ELECTRODE ENHANCEMENT . |
| | 2.9.1 Introduction . |
| | 2.9.2 Water Retention . |
| | 2.9.3 Chemical Salting . |
| | 2.9.4 Electrode Encasement . |
| | 2.9.5 Salting Methods. |
| | 2.10 CATHODIC PROTECTION . |
| | 2.10.1 Introduction . |
| | 2.10.2 Protection Techniques . |
| | 2.10.3 Sacrifical Anodes. |
| | 2.10.4 Corrosive Atmospheres . |
| | 2.11 GROUNDING IN ARCTIC REGIONS . |
| | 2.11.1 Soil Resistivity . |
| | 2.11.2 Improving Electrical Grounding in Frozen Soils |
| | 2.11.2.1 Electrode Resistance . |
| | 2.11.2.2 Installation and Measurement Methods . |
| | 2.11.2.2.1 Electrode Installation . |
| | 2.11.2.2.2 Backfill . |
| | REFERENCES . |
| | CHAPTER 3- LIGHTNING PROTECTION SUBSYSTEM |
| | THE PHENOMENON OF LIGHTNING . |
| | DEVELOPMENT OF A LIGHTNING FLASH . |
| | INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURE HEIGHT . |
| | STRIKE LIKELIHOOD . |
| | ATTRACTIVE AREA . |
| | Structures Less Than 100 Meters High. |
| | Cone of Protection . |
| | LIGHTNING EFFECTS . |
| | Flash Parameters . |
| | Mechanical and Thermal Effects . |
| | Electrical Effects . |
| | Conductor Impedance Effects. |
| | Induced Voltage Effects . |
| | Capacitively-Coupled Voltage . |
| | Earth Resistance . |
| | BASIC PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS . |
| | DETERMINING THE NEED FOR PROTECTION . |
| | Strike Likelihood . |
| | 3.8.2 Type of Construction 3-26 |
| | 3.8.3 Criticalness to System Mission 3-27 |
| | 3.9 APPLICABLE CODES 3-27 |
| | 3.10 REFERENCES 3-28 |
| | CHAPTER 4 - FAULT PROTECTION SUBSYSTEM |
| | 4.1 FAULT PROTECTION . |
| | 4.1.1 Power System Faults . |
| | 4.1.2 Ground-Fault-Circuit-Interrupter (GFCl) . |
| | 4.2 EARTH CONNECTION . |
| | 4.3 AC POWER LINE GROUND . |
| | 4.4 TEST EQUIPMENT . |
| | 4.5 REFERENCES . |
| | CHAPTER 5- GROUNDING OF SIGNAL REFERENCE SUBSYSTEM |
| | INTRODUCTION . |
| | CONDUCTOR CONSIDERATIONS. |
| | Direct Current Resistance . |
| | Alternating Current Impedance . |
| | Skin Effect. |
| | AC Resistance . |
| | Reactance . |
| | Proximity Effect . |
| | Resistance Properties vs Impedance Properties |
| | Effects of Geometry . |
| | Stranded Cables . |
| | Rectangular Conductors . |
| | Tubular Conductors . |
| | Structural Steel Members . |
| | SIGNAL REFERENCE SUBSYSTEM NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS |
| | Floating Ground . |
| | Single-Point Ground (for Lower Frequencies) . |
| | Multipoint Ground (for Higher Frequencies) . |
| | Equipotential Plane . |
| | Types of Equipotential Planes. |
| | Floating System . |
| | SITE APPLICATIONS . |
| | Lower Frequency Network . |