THE USE OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY MAKING AND THE

1,17

MB

IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH: A CASE STUDY OF BISMUTH

103

stron

SHOTSHELLS

6409

ID

University of Waterloo

2005

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. iv

DEDICATION v

LIST OF FIGURES viii

LIST OF TABLES. x

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS. xi

1. INTRODUCTION . 1

1.1. Health and environmental policy making 1

1.2. The use of science in policy making 2

1.3. Case study: Approval of bismuth shotshells 6

1.4. Research rationale 7

1.5. Research questions 8

1.6. Organization of the thesis 9

2. FATE OF BISMUTH IN THE ENVIRONMENT 10

2.1. Methodology 11

2.2. Differences between ≤ 1997 and ≥ 1998 bismuth literature 13

2.3. Bismuth literature ≤ 1997 15

2.3.1. Sanderson studies 15

2.3.2. Canadian Wildlife Service toxicity test guidelines 18

2.3.3. Sources of bismuth and background levels 20

2.3.4. Soil . 22

2.3.5. Vegetation 24

2.3.6. Animals 25

2.3.7. Humans 27

2.4. Bismuth literature ≥ 1998 31

2.4.1. Soil . 31

2.4.2. Vegetation 33

2.4.3. Animals 35

2.4.4. Humans 38

2.5. Summary . 39

3. EFFECTS AND FATE OF BISMUTH SHOT PELLETS IN A SOUTHERN ONTARIO WETLAND 40

3.1. Introduction. 40

3.2. Materials and methods . 41

3.2.1. Site description and treatments . 41

3.2.2. Sample collection. 42

3.2.3. Sample preparation . 42

3.2.4. EAAS analysis of bismuth and lead . 43

3.2.5. Soil pH analysis . 44

3.2.6. Statistical analysis . 44

3.3. Results 46

3.3.1. Soil pH . 46

3.3.2. Soil mobility of bismuth and lead 46

3.3.3. Vegetative uptake of bismuth and lead 48

3.4. Discussion 50

3.4.1. Soil pH . 50

3.4.2. Soil mobility of bismuth and lead 51

3.4.3. Vegetative interactions with bismuth and lead 51

3.5. Summary . 53

4. ADOPTING A POST-NORMAL PERSPECTIVE IN THE CANADIAN WILDLIFE SERVICE 55

4.1. Complexity and uncertainty 55

4.2. Necessity of a post-normal perspective . 56

4.2.1. Normal science 56

4.2.2. ‘Normal’ policy 58

4.2.3. ‘Post-normal policy’ 59

4.2.4. Post-normal science. 61

4.3. Employing a post-normal perspective 63

4.3.1. Means versus ends . 63

4.3.2. Reconciliation framework 64

4.3.3. Post-normal governance 64

4.3.4. Post-normal perspective in theory and practice 67

4.4. Canadian Wildlife Service’s Strategic Plan 2000 69

4.4.1. Desire to adopt a post-normal perspective 69

4.4.2. Implementing a post-normal perspective. 70

4.4.3. Analyzing the CWS strategies 72

4.5. Summary . 74

5. CONCLUSION 75

5.1. Research questions revisited 75

5.2. Contributions of the research 81

5.3. Areas for further investigation 82

REFERENCES . 84