| | Design of a Field Scale Project for Surfactant Enhanced |
| | 2,86 | | MB | Remediation of a DNAPL Contaminated Aquifer |
| | 472 | | stron |
| | 6493 | | ID | University of Texas at Austin |
| | 2004 | | rok |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | LIST OF TABLES. xiv |
| | LIST OF FIGURES . xvii |
| | Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 |
| | 1.1 Background and Motivation . 1 |
| | 1.2 Objectives 4 |
| | 1.3 Review of Chapters. 5 |
| | Chapter 2: Surfactant Remediation Design. 7 |
| | 2.1 Introduction and Background . 7 |
| | 2.1.1 Field Studies. 7 |
| | 2.1.2 Laboratory Studies . 20 |
| | Surfactant selection, optimization, and solubilization studies 21 |
| | SEAR-NB, neutral buoyancy studies . 24 |
| | Unsaturated zone SEAR . 26 |
| | Surfactant sorption 27 |
| | Surfactant/NAPL phase behavior . 28 |
| | Conductivity reduction and gel formation with SEAR. 30 |
| | Non-equilibrium mass transfer . 31 |
| | Use of alcohol as a cosolvent 33 |
| | Use of polymers for mobility control . 34 |
| | Surfactant-foam remediation 35 |
| | SEAR field concentration measurements . 36 |
| | Contaminant studies 36 |
| | SEAR modeling assumptions . 37 |
| | Remediation of sorbed contaminant . 38 |
| | SEAR field economics 38 |
| | Spill event and SEAR 2-D visualization studies 39 |
| | Surface treatment of SEAR produced fluids. 40 |
| | Surfactants and chemical degradation 41 |
| | Surfactants and biodegradation. 41 |
| | 2.1.3 Simulation Studies 42 |
| | 2.1.4 Comparison of surfactant EOR and remediation 51 |
| | 2.1.5 Approximate costs of surfactant remediation and some remediation alternatives . 53 |
| | 2.2 Use of UTCHEM aquifer simulator in surfactant remediation design 55 |
| | 2.2.1 Introduction 55 |
| | 2.2.2 Overview of UTCHEM, The University of Texas Chemical Flood Simulator 55 |
| | Formulation 56 |
| | Phase behavior 58 |
| | Interfacial tension . 62 |
| | Density. 64 |
| | Viscosity . 64 |
| | Rock/fluid interaction properties 65 |
| | Relative permeability . 65 |
| | Capillary pressure 66 |
| | Capillary desaturation or mobilization. 67 |
| | Adsorption . 70 |
| | 2.2.3 Effect of simulation parameters upon design and performance . 71 |
| | 2.3 Most important surfactant flooding design parameters. 75 |
| | 2.3.1 Amount of surfactant 76 |
| | 2.3.2 Mobility control . 77 |
| | 2.3.3 Composition of surfactant solution 78 |
| | 2.3.4 Well pattern and completion design. 78 |
| | Chapter 3: Tracer Design 80 |
| | 3.1 Introduction and Background . 80 |
| | 3.2 Tracer Test Analysis . 82 |
| | 3.2.1 Method of Moments . 82 |
| | 3.2.2 Extrapolation 85 |
| | 3.3 Design and Aquifer Parameters 86 |
| | Chapter 4: A New Methodology For The Design And Interpretation Of Surfactant Remediation Using |
| | Modeling 90 |
| | 4.1 Planning . 92 |
| | 4.2 Site Characterization and Laboratory Studies. 97 |
| | 4.2.1 Site History and Test Array Well Description . 97 |
| | 4.2.2 Aquifer Characterization 100 |
| | Structure and Sedimentology 101 |
| | Hydraulic testing. 114 |
| | 4.2.3 DNAPL Characterization . 118 |
| | Soil Borings Contaminant Measurements 120 |
| | 4.2.4 Laboratory Experiments. 144 |
| | Phase Behavior Experiments 145 |
| | Column Surfactant Experiments. 156 |
| | Column Tracer Experiments. 159 |
| | 4.2.5 Surface Treatment 162 |
| | 4.3 Simulation Model Development . 163 |
| | 4.3.1 Aquifer Model 163 |
| | Simulation Mesh and Aquitard Structure . 163 |
| | Model boundaries and hydraulic gradient 178 |
| | Aquifer permeability and porosity 179 |
| | Aquitard permeability and porosity 186 |
| | Initial DNAPL distribution . 187 |
| | 4.3.2 Phase Behavior. 192 |
| | Phase Regions and Contaminant Solubility 192 |
| | Interfacial Tension 209 |
| | Density. 211 |
| | 4.3.3 Aquifer/fluid interaction properties 213 |
| | Relative Permeability and Capillary Pressure. 213 |
| | Capillary Desaturation 215 |
| | Surfactant Adsorption. 217 |
| | 4.3.4 Well Model. 218 |
| | 4.4 Tracer Tests 220 |
| | 4.4.1 Tracer Test Design and Simulations 220 |
| | Purpose of over-production 221 |
| | Purpose of hydraulic control well. 224 |
| | Evolution of the design and model . 226 |
| | Aquifer model changes 226 |
| | UTCHEM changes. 228 |
| | Test design changes . 228 |
| | Final initial tracer test design 229 |
| | Initial tracer test simulations. 234 |
| | Moment Analysis to determine DNAPL volume and swept volume 250 |
| | Well SB-1 Moment Analysis . 251 |
| | Well U2-1 moment analysis. 263 |
| | Pre-remediation tracer test design and simulation results. 271 |
| | Post-remediation tracer test design and simulation results . 274 |
| | 4.4.2 Tracer Test Execution and Field Results 280 |
| | Initial tracer test field results 280 |
| | Determination of swept and DNAPL volumes from tracer tests 285 |
| | Hydraulic control 287 |
| | Pre-remediation tracer test 288 |
| | Post-remediation tracer test 290 |
| | 4.4.3 Comparison with Simulation Results . 293 |
| | Initial tracer test and Simulation Case 46 . 293 |
| | Initial tracer test and published work plan Phase I Case, Prediction Case 17 299 |
| | Intermediate Phase I simulation case 28cd . 303 |
| | Pre-remediation tracer test and simulation Case 46 304 |
| | Post-remediation tracer test and simulation Case 47 307 |
| | 4.5 Surfactant Remediation. 312 |
| | 4.5.1 Remediation Design and Model Predicted performance 312 |
| | Aquifer model results . 315 |
| | Evolution of the Phase II Design and Aquifer Model 331 |
| | Surfactant Injection 331 |
| | Phase II Surfactant Remediation Test Simulation Results 333 |
| | 4.5.2 Remediation Execution and Field Results 346 |
| | Surfactant Injection Pilot Test Field Results, Phase I. 346 |
| | Test of Surface and Subsurface Equipment . 347 |
| | Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation Field Test, Phase II 352 |
| | Hydraulic Conductivity 353 |
| | DNAPL Recovery. 355 |
| | Estimated from soil borings data . 359 |
| | Estimated from tracer test data. 360 |
| | Estimated from extraction well effluent data . 363 |
| | Estimated from surface treatment plant data 365 |
| | 4.5.3 Field Results Analysis and Comparison with Model Predicted Performance 373 |
| | Surfactant Injection Pilot Test 373 |
| | Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation Test. 381 |
| | 4.6 Surfactant Test Design Observations, Conclusions, and Recommended Design Protocol. 387 |
| | Chapter 5: Conclusions . 404 |
| | Appendix: Hill AFB Case Descriptions 407 |
| | Nomenclature, Acronyms, and notes on conversion of units 424 |
| | Nomenclature. 424 |
| | Acronyms and Definitions 428 |
| | Notes on conversion of units: . 429 |
| | References 430 |
| | VITA 450 |