BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIOACCUMULATION OF SEDIMENT-

1,75

MB

ASSOCIATED, DESORPTION-RESISTANT FRACTION OF POLYCYCLIC

162

stron

AROMATIC HYDROCARBON CONTAMINANTS

6498

ID

Louisiana State University

2006

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

LIST OF TABLES. vi

LIST OF FIGURES.vii

ABSTRACT ix

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION . 1

1.1 Motivation and Relevance of the Problem 1

1.2 Objectives of Present Study. 3

1.3 Backgrounds and Literature Review . 4

1.3.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Chemistry and Occurrence.4

1.3.2 Sorption/desorption of PAHs in Sediments 5

1.3.3 Bioavailability of Desorption-resistant Fraction of PAHs 11

1.3.4 Uptake of Contaminants from Sediment. 14

1.4 Summary 15

CHAPTER 2. PARTITIONING AND DESORPTION KINETICS OF SEDIMENTASSOCIATED

PHENANTHRENE AND BENZO[A]PYRENE.17

2.1 Introduction.17

2.2 Materials and Methods 18

2.2.1 Contaminants 18

2.2.2 Sediments20

2.2.3 Sediment Inoculation and Desorption-resistant Sediment Preparation 21

2.2.4 Moisture Content 24

2.2.5 Organic Carbon Content (foc) 24

2.2.6 Measurement of Desorption Kinetics and Sediment-Water Partition Coefficient. 25

2.2.7 Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) in Water. 27

2.2.8 Analyses29

2.2.9 Data Analysis 31

2.3 Results and Discussion .32

2.3.1 Sediment Characteristics and Desorption Isotherms 32

2.3.2 Desorption Kinetics 35

2.4 Summary .38

CHAPTER 3. BIOAVAILABILITY OF REVERSIBLY SORBED AND DESORPTION-RESISTANT

CONTAMINANTS 42

3.1 Introduction.42

3.2 Materials and method44

3.2.1 Test Organisms .44

3.2.2 Sediments45

3.2.3 Bioaccumulation Assay 45

3.2.4 Elimination and Biotransformation.48

3.2.5 Measurement of Assimilation Efficiency . 49

3.2.6 Measurement of Tracer Concentration in Worms’ Tissue 50

3.2.7 Lipid Content Analysis . 51

3.2.8 Models and Statistical Analysis 52

3.3 Results and Discussion . 54

3.3.1 I. templetoni Survival, Lipid Content, and Contaminant Tissue Concentration 54

3.3.2 Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factor. 57

3.3.3 Elimination and Biotransformation.65

3.3.4 Assimilation Efficiency 67

3.4 Summary .71

CHAPTER 4. CORRELATION OF BIOAVAILABILITY WITH EQUILIBRIUM PARTITIONING 72

4.1 Introduction.72

4.2 Development of Model . 73

4.3 Results and Discussion .77

4.4 Summary . 82

CHAPTER 5. RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF INGESTED SEDIMENT VERSUS PORE WATER AS

UPTAKE ROUTES FOR PAHS TO ILYODRILUS TEMPLETONI 86

5.1 Introduction.86

5.2 Materials and Methods 88

5.2.1 Total Sediment Uptake of Phenanthrene and Benzo[a]pyrene. 88

5.2.2 Water-only Exposure Experiment.89

5.2.3 Uptake via Sediment Ingestion . 91

5.2.4 Analytical Procedures .93

5.3 Results and Discussion .94

5.3.1 Total Uptake from Sediment. 94

5.3.2 Uptake via Absorption from Water. 96

5.3.3 Uptake via Sediment Ingestion . 101

5.3.4 Comparison of the Two Methods . 105

5.4 Summary .106

CHAPTER 6. IMPACT OF SEDIMENT INGESTION AND DIGESTION ON CONTAMINANT

RELEASE AND BIOAVAILABILITY 112

6.1 Introduction.112

6.2 Materials and Methods 114

6.2.1 Sediment .114

6.2.2 Collection of Feces . 115

6.2.3 Measurement of the Partition Coefficient of Sediment after Worms’ Exposure . 115

6.2.4 Measurement of Partition Coefficient of Feces 116

6.2.5 Statistics 116

6.3 Results and Discussion .117

6.3.1 Ingestion Rate and Selectivity of I. templetoni. 117

6.3.2 Impact of Bioturbation and Ingestion on the Partitioning of the Contaminants 120

6.3.3 Comparison of the Partition Coefficients of Sediment and Feces 122

6.3.4 Impact of Deposit Feeder Digestion on Contaminant Release . 126

6.4 Summary .128

CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 129

7.1 Conclusions.129

7.2 Recommendations. 132

REFERENCES . 136

APPENDIX

A CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS . 146

B QUENCH CURVE SET UP FOR LSC 148

C NOMENCLATURE 149

D LETTER OF PERMISSION151

VITA. 152