PARTIAL MASS RECOVERY FROM DNAPL SOURCE ZONES:

3,71

MB

CONTAMINANT MASS FLUX REDUCTIONS AND REDUCTIVE

329

stron

DECHLORINATION OF RESIDUAL DNAPL

6505

ID

Georgia Institute of Technology

2006

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgments iv

List of Tables ix

List of Figures xi

List of Symbols and Abbreviations xviii

Summary xxi

1. Introduction and Objectives 1

2. Literature Reviews 7

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids 8

2.2.1 Interfacial Tension 9

2.2.2 Wettability 11

2.2.3 Capillary Pressure-Saturation 12

2.2.4 NAPL Dissolution 18

2.3 Source Zone Remediation Technologies 20

2.3.1 In Situ Chemical Oxidation 21

2.3.2 Thermal Treatment 23

2.3.3 Cosolvent Flushing 24

2.4 Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation 25

2.4.1 Surfactants 27

2.4.2 Miscible Displacement 34

2.4.3 Immiscible Displacement 42

2.4.4 Density Modified Displacement 48

2.5 Post-Treatment Plume Development and Mass Flux 53

2.6 Combined Remedies: Reductive Dechlorination and Source Zone Treatment 61

3. Materials, Experimental Protocols, and Analytical Methods 70

3.1 Materials 70

3.1.1 Organic Liquids 70

3.1.2 Surfactants 72

3.1.3 Porous Media 75

3.1.4 Column Microbial Inocula 77

3.2 Experimental Protocols 77

3.2.1 Solution Preparation 77

3.2.1.1 Aqueous Surfactant Solutions 77

3.2.1.2 Emulsions 78

3.2.1.3 Reduced Mineral Salts Media 79

3.2.2 Small Aquifer Cell 80

3.2.3 Large Aquifer Cell 86

3.2.4 Light Transmission Apparatus 90

3.2.5 Column Studies 94

3.3 Analytical Methods 99

3.3.1 Density 100

3.3.2 Chlorinated Ethene Analysis 100

4. Efficient Recovery of Trichloroethene Using a Biodegradable Nonionic Surfactant 104

4.1 Introduction 104

4.2 Results and Discussion 107

4.2.1 Surfactant Solution Properties 108

4.2.2 Tween 80 Aquifer Cell Experiments 116

4.2.3 Aerosol MA Aquifer Cell Experiments 128

4.2.4 TCE Mass Recovery Comparison 138

4.3 Summary and Conclusions 142

5. Reductions in Contaminant Mass Flux Following Partial Mass Removal from DNAPL Source

Zones 144

5.1 Introduction 144

5.2 Results and Discussion 147

5.2.1 Initial Saturation Distribution 148

5.2.2 Mass Recovery 152

5.2.3 Change in Saturation Distribution 164

5.2.4 Effluent Concentration and Mass Flux 169

5.2.5 Mass Removal Correlations 173

5.3 Summary and Conclusions 179

6. Contaminant Mass Flux Following Partial Mass Removal from DNAPL Source Zones:

Implications of Recovery Mechanism 180

6.1 Introduction 180

6.2 Results and Discussion 183

6.2.1 Surfactant Solution Properties 184

6.2.2 Aquifer Cell Experimental Conditions 188

6.2.3 PCE Mass Recovery 192

6.2.3.1 Immiscible Displacement with 4% Aerosol MA Surfactant Formulation 192

6.2.3.2 Immiscible Displacement with 8% Aerosol MA Surfactant Formulation 198

6.2.3.3 Density Modified Displacement 204

6.2.4 Effluent PCE Concentration 211

6.3 Summary and Conclusions 214

7. Quantitative PCR Correlates Microbial Activity and Distribution with Enhanced Contaminant

Dissolution from a PCE-NAPL Source Zone Part 1: Sulfurospirillum Multivorans 216

7.1 Introduction 216

7.2 Results and Discussion 219

7.2.1 Column Physicochemical Characterization 220

7.2.2 Microbial Community Establishment and NAPL Imbibition 223

7.2.3 NAPL Dissolution: Effluent and Side Port Samples 228

7.2.3.1 Experiment SM-Mixed 228

7.2.3.2 Experiment SM-Pure 238

7.2.4 Cumulative Chlorinated Ethene Recovery and Mass Transfer Enhancement 243

7.3 Summary and Conclusions 248

8. Quantitative PCR Correlates Microbial Activity and Distribution with Enhanced Contaminant

Dissolution from a PCE-NAPL Source Zone Part 2: Bio-Dechlor INOCULUM 250

8.1 Introduction 250

8.2 Results and Discussion 253

8.2.1 Microbial Community Establishment and NAPL Imbibition 254

8.2.2 NAPL Dissolution: Effluent and Side Port Samples 258

8.2.3 NAPL Dissolution: Vinyl Chloride Pulse 274

8.2.4 Cumulative Chlorinated Ethene Recovery and Mass Transfer Enhancement 277

8.3 Summary and Conclusions 282

9. Conclusions and Recommendations 284

References 289

Vita 306