Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook

5,11
MB

572
stron

6588
ID UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

2002
rok

CONTENTS

Foreword xi

Preface xii

Authors, Managers, Contributors, and Reviewers xiii

1. INTRODUCTION . 1-1

1.1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE 1-1

1.2. ORGANIZATION OF THE HANDBOOK 1-5

1.3. LIST OF SELECTED SPECIES. 1-6

1.4. LIST OF EXPOSURE FACTORS . 1-11

1.4.1. Normalizing Factors . 1-11

1.4.1.1. Body Weight 1-13

1.4.1.2. Growth Rate 1-13

1.4.1.3. Metabolic Rate 1-14

1.4.2. Contact Rate Factors. 1-14

1.4.2.1. Oral Route 1-14

1.4.2.2. Inhalation Route . 1-16

1.4.2.3. Dermal Route . 1-16

1.4.3. Population Dynamics 1-17

1.4.3.1. Social Organization. 1-17

1.4.3.2. Home Range/Territory Size/Foraging Radius 1-17

1.4.3.3. Population Density . 1-19

1.4.3.4. Annual Fecundity 1-19

1.4.3.5. Annual Mortality and Longevity . 1-19

1.4.4. Seasonal Activities 1-20

1.5. DATA PRESENTATION FORMAT 1-20

1.5.1. Normalizing and Contact Rate Factors. 1-21

1.5.1.1. All Animals . 1-21

1.5.1.2. Birds 1-22

1.5.1.3. Mammals. 1-23

1.5.1.4. Reptiles and Amphibians 1-23

1.5.2. Dietary Composition . 1-24

1.5.2.1. All Animals . 1-24

1.5.3. Population Dynamics 1-25

1.5.3.1. All Animals . 1-25

1.5.3.2. Birds 1-26

1.5.3.3. Mammals. 1-27

1.5.3.4. Reptiles and Amphibians 1-27

1.5.4. Seasonal Activities 1-28

1.5.4.1. Birds 1-29

1.5.4.2. Mammals. 1-29

1.5.4.3. Reptiles and Amphibians 1-29

1.5.5. Abbreviations Used in Tables 1-29

1.6. LITERATURE SEARCH STRATEGY 1-30

1.7. REFERENCES . 1-32

2. EXPOSURE FACTORS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SELECTED SPECIES . 2-1

2.1. BIRDS 2-1

2.1.1. Great Blue Heron 2-3

2.1.2. Canada Goose 2-19

2.1.3. Mallard . 2-39

2.1.4. Lesser Scaup. 2-53

2.1.5. Osprey 2-65

2.1.6. Red-Tailed Hawk 2-79

2.1.7. Bald Eagle . 2-91

2.1.8. American Kestrel 2-109

2.1.9. Northern Bobwhite 2-121

2.1.10. American Woodcock . 2-137

2.1.11. Spotted Sandpiper. 2-149

2.1.12. Herring Gull 2-157

2.1.13. Belted Kingfisher 2-173

2.1.14. Marsh Wren 2-183

2.1.15. American Robin. 2-193

2.2. MAMMALS 2-207

2.2.1. Short-Tailed Shrew 2-209

2.2.2. Red Fox . 2-221

2.2.3. Raccoon. 2-233

2.2.4. Mink 2-247

2.2.5. River Otter . 2-261

2.2.6. Harbor Seal 2-275

2.2.7. Deer Mouse 2-291

2.2.8. Prairie Vole 2-311

2.2.9. Meadow Vole . 2-323

2.2.10. Muskrat . 2-337

2.2.11. Eastern Cottontail . 2-351

2.3. REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS . 2-365

2.3.1. Snapping Turtle . 2-367

2.3.2. Painted Turtle 2-381

2.3.3. Eastern Box Turtle 2-397

2.3.4. Racer . 2-407

2.3.5. Northern Water Snake 2-419

2.3.6. Eastern Newt . 2-429

2.3.7. Green Frog. 2-443

2.3.8. Bullfrog . 2-453

3. ALLOMETRIC EQUATIONS 3-1

3.1. FOOD INGESTION RATES 3-3

3.1.1. Birds . 3-4

3.1.2. Mammals 3-5

3.1.3. Reptiles and Amphibians . 3-6

3.2. WATER INTAKE RATES . 3-7

3.2.1. Birds . 3-8

3.2.2. Mammals 3-10

3.2.3. Reptiles and Amphibians . 3-10

3.3. INHALATION RATES 3-11

3.3.1. Birds . 3-11

3.3.2. Mammals 3-12

3.3.3. Reptiles and Amphibians . 3-12

3.4. SURFACE AREAS 3-13

3.4.1. Birds . 3-13

3.4.2. Mammals 3-14

3.4.3. Reptiles and Amphibians . 3-14

3.5. ALLOMETRIC EQUATIONS FOR METABOLIC RATE 3-15

3.5.1. Birds . 3-18

3.5.1.1 Basal Metabolic Rate . 3-19

3.5.1.2. Existence Metabolic Rates . 3-20

3.5.1.3. Free-Living Metabolic Rate. 3-22

3.5.1.4. Temperature and Metabolic Rate 3-24

3.5.2. Mammals 3-26

3.5.2.1. Basal Metablic Rate 3-26

3.5.2.2. Resting Metabolism 3-27

3.5.2.3. Field Metabolic Rate 3-27

3.5.2.4. Temperature and Metabolic Rate 3-28

3.5.3. Reptiles and Amphibians . 3-29

3.5.3.1. Basal and Resting Metabolic Rates 3-29

3.5.3.2. Free-Living Metabolic Rates 3-30

3.6. MATH PRIMER AND UNIT CONVERSIONS . 3-32

3.6.1. Summary of Operations Involving Logarithms 3-32

3.6.2. Summary of Operations Involving Powers 3-32

3.6.3. Unit Conversions 3-33

3.6.3.1. Approximate Factors for Metabolic Equations . 3-33

3.6.3.2. Exact Conversions . 3-33

3.7. ESTIMATING CONFIDENCE INTERVALS 3-34

3.8. REFERENCES . 3-38

4. EXPOSURE ESTIMATES 4-1

4.1. GENERAL DOSE EQUATIONS 4-1

4.1.1. Drinking Water 4-3

4.1.2. Diet. 4-6

4.1.2.1. Dose Equations 4-6

4.1.2.2. Energy Content and Assimilation Efficiencies 4-10

4.1.3. Soil and Sediment Ingestion . 4-16

4.1.3.1. Background. 4-18

4.1.3.2. Methods . 4-18

4.1.3.3. Results 4-19

4.1.3.4. Dose Equations 4-21

4.1.4. Air 4-21

4.1.5. Dermal Exposure 4-23

4.2. ANALYSIS OF UNCERTAINTY. 4-23

4.2.1. Natural Variation 4-24

4.2.2. Sampling Uncertainty 4-25

4.2.3. Model Uncertainty . 4-26

4.3. REFERENCES . 4-26

APPENDIX: LITERATURE REVIEW DATABASE.