| | First Draft Platforms for Mariculture Task Force Report |
| | 0,57 | | MB |
| | 91 | | stron |
| | 6614 | | ID | Mariculture Task Force |
| | 2004 | | rok |
| | Table of Contents |
| | Introduction . 5 |
| | Overview of Mariculture 6 |
| | Definition and Terms Used in Mariculture 6 |
| | Mariculture Variables on a Gradient7 |
| | State of Art Mariculture: Efforts in Japan, Asia, and U.S. (work in progress) 7 |
| | Description of Mariculture Uses of Offshore Platforms7 |
| | Introduction 7 |
| | Potential Mariculture Activities Summary 8 |
| | Net Pen Culture 8 |
| | Suitable Areas in the Gulf to Locate Net Pen Operations9 |
| | Potential Net-Pen Culture Species9 |
| | Platform Sea Farming 10 |
| | Introduction 10 |
| | Description of Platform Sea Farm10 |
| | Potential Platform Sea Farming Culture Species 12 |
| | Suitable Areas for Platform Sea Farms .13 |
| | Ornamental Fish Culture.13 |
| | Suitable Areas for Ornamental Fish Culture .13 |
| | Potential Ornamental Fish Culture Species 13 |
| | Coral, Sponge and other Invertebrate Culture .14 |
| | Potential Ornamental Invertebrate Culture Species .15 |
| | Suitable Areas for Coral and Sponge Growth 16 |
| | Commercial Oyster Applications .16 |
| | Suitable Areas for Oyster Depuration (Relaying) .17 |
| | Potential Culture Species (work in progress) .17 |
| | Time Line to Develop Mariculture on Offshore Platforms.17 |
| | Suggested Recommendation: GIS Platform Model 18 |
| | Mariculture Platform Area Needs 18 |
| | Socio-Economic Assessment. 18 |
| | Introduction .18 |
| | Distribution, Pace of Removals, and Life Span of Offshore Platforms.19 |
| | Value of Current Energy Production: (work in progress) 20 |
| | Future Energy Potential: (work in progress) 20 |
| | Cost to Build and Install Artificial Reefs.20 |
| | Net-Pen Culture Prospectus .21 |
| | Platform Sea Farm Prospectus .21 |
| | Ornamental Fish Prospectus.22 |
| | Coral and Sponge Culture Prospectus.23 |
| | Cost Benefit Analysis (work in progress)24 |
| | Regulatory Assessment 24 |
| | Introduction .24 |
| | Existing Regulatory Structure .26 |
| | Gulf of Mexico Fisheries Management Council (Gulf Council).26 |
| | New Gulf Council Fisheries Management Plan26 |
| | New NMFS Mariculture Legislation27 |
| | Minerals Management Service Regulations .27 |
| | Federal Agencies and Permits.29 |
| | Army Corp of Engineers29 |
| | U.S. Coast Guard Navigational Aids Permit .29 |
| | EPA NPDES Permit .30 |
| | Platform Removal Application and Site Clearance Report 30 |
| | Other Environmental Issues.30 |
| | State Agencies to be Consulted .31 |
| | Permits and Approvals Required for Mariculture in Federal Waters 32 |
| | Federal Annual Monitoring, Bonding, and Record Keeping Requirements.34 |
| | Royalties, Leases, and Rents (work in progress) 38 |
| | Tragedy of the Commons (work in progress) 38 |
| | Leasing the Water Column (work in progress) 38 |
| | - Offshore Processing Regulatory Matters (work in progress).39 |
| | - Open Ocean Mariculture Regulatory Matters (work in progress).39 |
| | - Mariculture Management in Foreign Nations (work in progress).39 |
| | - Legal Aspects of Concurrent Use with Petroleum Production (work in progress)39 |
| | - Post-Production Transfer of Platform Ownership (work in progress)39 |
| | - Transfer of Long-Term Liability: Federal Rigs to Reefs Program (work in progress) |
| | - Public perception of mariculture (work in progress) 39 |
| | - Financial support from OCS revenues (work in progress) 39 |
| | - Land & Water Conservation Fund (work in progress) .39 |
| | - Public and private sector research (including MMS, DOE, and other science and technology |
| | research programs) (work in progress) .39 |
| | Recommendations for new legislation or amendments to existing legislation (work in progress) 39 |
| | - Senate Fisheries Conservation, Wildlife and Oceans (work in progress).39 |
| | - House Energy & Commerce Committee (work in progress) 39 |
| | - House Resources Committee (work in progress) 39 |
| | - Senate Energy & Natural Resources Committee (work in progress) .39 |
| | - Senate Environment & Public Works Committee (work in progress).39 |
| | International Considerations (work in progress) 39 |
| | - IMO treaties and issues of vessel navigation (work in progress) 39 |
| | - Coral reef protection and preservation – UNEP, ISRS, Global Coral Reef Alliance etc. (work in |
| | progress) Tom Goreau .39 |
| | Environmental Assessment of Mariculture Operations 39 |
| | Introduction .39 |
| | Biological Assessment of Offshore Platforms Habitats 40 |
| | Similarities and Differences between Natural Reefs and Oil and Gas Platforms (work in progress)40 |
| | |
| | Platform Farm Production of Fish (Have Romaire Review) .42 |
| | Bioenergetics of Oil and Gas Platforms42 |
| | Introduction .42 |
| | Planktevores .43 |
| | Herbivores 43 |
| | Omnivores 43 |
| | Detritovore .43 |
| | Gulf-Wide Affects of 4,000 platforms 44 |
| | Fish Associated with Offshore Platforms.44 |
| | Cryptic, Obligatory, and Demersal Fish44 |
| | Marine Mammals 45 |
| | Endangered Marine Turtles.45 |
| | Environmental Assessment of Net-Pen Operations . 46 |
| | Description of Net-Pen Systems46 |
| | Fish Feeding Systems.48 |
| | Onshore Operations 49 |
| | Product Transportation Systems49 |
| | Water Quality Issues.50 |
| | Source Description50 |
| | Dissolved Oxygen and Metabolic Waste 50 |
| | Nitrogen51 |
| | Nitrogen Biochemical Oxygen Demand.52 |
| | Soluble Waste .52 |
| | Sedimentation.52 |
| | Daily Aquaculture Discharges: Carbon and Nitrogen Flux for the Base Case Scenario 54 |
| | Methods 54 |
| | Assumptions.54 |
| | Current Velocity and Receiving Water Column Conditions 54 |
| | Weight of Uneaten Food Discharges 55 |
| | Composition of Feed .55 |
| | Weight of Fecal Discharges.56 |
| | Diffusion of Waste .56 |
| | Transport of Wastes.57 |
| | Area of Impact 58 |
| | Yearly Discharge Loadings of Carbon 59 |
| | Table 7. Reported Sedimentation Rates Below Fish Farming Facilities.60 |
| | Potential Impacts to the Environment60 |
| | Disease Impacts on Native Fish Stocks 61 |
| | Operational and Municipal Waste from Mariculture Operations61 |
| | Endangered Species and Marine Mammal Assessment . 62 |
| | Potential Impacts to Marine Mammals and Endangered and Threatened Species of Net-Pen |
| | Activities62 |
| | Marine Mammals in the Gulf of Mexico.63 |
| | Potential Impact to Marine Mammals .63 |
| | Marine Mammals Conclusion .65 |
| | Marine Turtles65 |
| | Impacts to Marine Turtles.66 |
| | Marine Turtles Conclusion67 |
| | Coastal and Marine Birds: Endangered and Threatened Species 67 |
| | Coastal and Marine Birds Conclusion .68 |
| | Assessment of Genetic Pollution (work in progress)68 |
| | Use of Non-Native fish for Mariculture (work in progress) 69 |
| | Use of Wild Fish for Food in Culture Operations 69 |
| | Is Mercury in the Fish at the Platforms?.72 |
| | Environmental Assessment of Platform Farming . 72 |
| | Mariculture Platform Area Needs 73 |
| | Platform Site Clean-Up74 |
| | Bibliography .74 |
| | Appendix A 82 |
| | Environmental Monitoring Plan for Mariculture Activities 82 |
| | Introduction .82 |