| | Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels |
| | 1,21 | | MB |
| | 149 | | stron |
| | 742 | | ID | U.S. Department of Energy |
| | 1995 | | rok |
| | Contents |
| | Page |
| | Executive Summary . ix |
| | Section 1: Alternative Fuels Data |
| | 1. Introduction . 3 |
| | Background . 3 |
| | Energy Security 3 |
| | Air Quality 4 |
| | Report Content . 5 |
| | Limitations 7 |
| | Data Sources 7 |
| | Caveats . 7 |
| | 2. Status of Alternative Fueled Vehicles 9 |
| | Fleet Programs . 9 |
| | Federal Fleet Programs 10 |
| | State Programs . 10 |
| | Inventory 11 |
| | Federal Alternative Fueled Vehicles 11 |
| | Non-Federal Alternative Fueled Vehicles 12 |
| | 3. Fuel Consumption . 17 |
| | Alternative Fuels 17 |
| | Methanol Consumption 17 |
| | Ethanol Consumption 17 |
| | Liquefied Petroleum Gas Consumption 18 |
| | Natural Gas Consumption 20 |
| | Traditional and Replacement Fuels 20 |
| | Gasoline Consumption . 20 |
| | Replacement Fuels in Gasoline: Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether and Ethanol 22 |
| | Reformulated Gasoline 23 |
| | Diesel Consumption . 24 |
| | 4. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Replacement Fuels 25 |
| | Future Plans 27 |
| | Caveats 29 |
| | Section 2: Technology |
| | 5. Legislation Affecting Use of Alternative Fuels . 33 |
| | Background 33 |
| | Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 . 33 |
| | California Pilot Program . 35 |
| | Clean-Fuel Fleet Program 35 |
| | Transit Bus Provisions . 36 |
| | Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988 36 |
| | Energy Policy Act of 1992 . 38 |
| | Executive Order 12844: Federal Use of Alternative Fueled Vehicles . 40 |
| | iv Energy Information Administration/ Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels: An Overview |
| | |
| | Contents (Continued) Page |
| | Role of EPA in Regulation of Emissions 40 |
| | Background . 40 |
| | Mobile Source Emissions 41 |
| | Vehicular Emissions Standards 41 |
| | Clean-Fuel Fleet Program 42 |
| | Inspection and Maintenance Programs 42 |
| | Role of States in Regulation of Emissions . 44 |
| | State Implementation Plans . 44 |
| | California Programs . 44 |
| | 6. Alternative Fuels 47 |
| | Introduction 47 |
| | Hydrogen . 47 |
| | Compressed Natural Gas and Liquefied Natural Gas . 47 |
| | Liquefied Petroleum Gas . 47 |
| | Methanol . 48 |
| | Ethanol . 48 |
| | Electricity . 48 |
| | Physical and Chemical Characteristics . 48 |
| | Overview . 48 |
| | Composition . 52 |
| | Fuel Properties 54 |
| | Energy Density . 54 |
| | Volatility 56 |
| | Octane . 57 |
| | Cetane 58 |
| | Heat of Vaporization 58 |
| | Flame Speed . 58 |
| | Flame Temperature and Luminosity 58 |
| | Autoignition Temperature 58 |
| | Flashpoint . 59 |
| | Flammability 59 |
| | Fuel Production . 59 |
| | Hydrogen Production 59 |
| | Natural Gas Production 60 |
| | Liquefied Petroleum Gas Production 60 |
| | Methanol Production 61 |
| | Ethanol Production 62 |
| | Electricity Production . 62 |
| | Fuel Distribution 63 |
| | Hydrogen . 63 |
| | Natural Gas . 63 |
| | Liquefied Petroleum Gas . 64 |
| | Methanol and Ethanol . 65 |
| | Electricity . 66 |
| | 7. Traditional and Replacement Fuels 69 |
| | Gasolines 69 |
| | Overview . 69 |
| | Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Gasolines 70 |
| | Fuel Properties of Gasolines 71 |
| | Conventional, Oxygenated, and Reformulated Gasoline Production . 73 |
| | Distribution of Gasolines . 76 |
| | Energy Information Administration/ Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels: An Overview v |
| | Contents (Continued) Page |
| | Diesel . 79 |
| | Overview . 79 |
| | Physical and Chemical Properties of Diesel 79 |
| | Fuel Properties of Diesel . 79 |
| | Diesel Production . 80 |
| | Diesel Distribution 80 |
| | 8. Characteristics of Alternative Fueled Vehicles . 83 |
| | Vehicles . 83 |
| | Engines 83 |
| | Vehicle/Engine Systems 84 |
| | Alcohol-Fueled Vehicles . 84 |
| | Liquefied Petroleum Gas Vehicles . 86 |
| | Natural Gas Vehicles 86 |
| | Electric Vehicles . 88 |
| | Hydrogen Vehicles 89 |
| | 9. Emerging Fuel Resources . 91 |
| | Introduction 91 |
| | Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils . 91 |
| | Coal-Derived Transportation Fuels 91 |
| | 10. Greenhouse Gas and Harmful Emission Formation . 93 |
| | Background 93 |
| | Climatology 93 |
| | Greenhouse Gases . 94 |
| | Definition and Behavior 94 |
| | Sources of Greenhouse Gases . 95 |
| | Determining the Background Level of a Greenhouse Gas . 95 |
| | Greenhouse Gases and Air Pollution 96 |
| | Other Air Pollutants from Transportation Fuels 101 |
| | Particulate Matter . 101 |
| | Appendices |
| | A. State Government Initiatives 105 |
| | B. Explanatory Notes 119 |
| | C. Listing of Sources for Information on Alternative Fueled Vehicles 123 |
| | D. References 129 |
| | E. Relationship of Fuel Chemistry to Engine Performance . 131 |
| | F. Fuel Cycle for Transportation Fuels 135 |
| | Glossary . 137 |