A Study on the Economic Valuation of Environmental

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Externalities from Landfill Disposal and Incineration of Waste

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Final Appendix Report

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Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations 1

Appendix I: 5

1 Impacts of Incineration 7

1.1 Impacts of Air Emissions 7

1.2 Impacts of Wastewater 19

1.3 Solid Waste Residues from Incineration Plants 22

1.4 Displaced Impacts 26

1.5 Disamenity Impacts 27

1.6 Risk of Accidents 27

Appendix II: 31

2 Impacts of Landfill Disposal 33

2.1 Timing of Emissions from Landfills 33

2.2 Impacts of Air Emissions 34

2.3 Impacts of Emissions to Soil and Water 40

2.4 Land Use 52

2.5 Displaced Impacts 52

2.6 Disamenity Impacts 53

2.7 Risk of Accidents 53

Appendix III: 57

3 Economic Valuation Methods 59

3.1 Introduction 59

3.2 Hedonic Pricing 63

3.3 Contingent Valuation 63

3.4 Dose-Response Approach 64

3.5 Clean-Up Cost Approach 66

3.6 Avoidance Cost 66

2 A Study on the Economic Valuation of Environmental Externalities from Landfill Disposal and

Incineration of Waste

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3.7 Other Valuation Issues 67

3.8 Choice of Method 70

3.9 Benefits Transfer 72

3.10 Summary and Conclusions 76

Appendix IV: 79

4 Economic Valuation of Externalities from

Incineration 81

4.1 External Costs of Air Emissions 81

4.2 External Costs of Emissions to Water and Soil 95

4.3 External Benefits 99

4.4 External Costs of Disamenity Effects 101

Appendix V: 105

5 Economic Valuation of Externalities from Landfill

Disposal 107

5.1 External Costs of Air Emissions 107

5.2 External Costs of Emissions to Water and Soil 112

5.3 External Benefits 120

5.4 External Costs of Disamenity Effects 121

Appendix VI: 133

6 Examples of Externality Cost Calculations: Data

Sources and Underlying Assumptions 135

6.1 Introduction 135

6.2 Emission Data from Incineration 136

6.3 Emission Data from Landfill 143

6.4 Valuation Data 151

Appendix VII: 157

7 Generic Data on Landfills and Incineration Plants 159

7.1 Incineration 159

7.2 Landfill 162

Appendix VIII: 165

8 Terms of Reference for the Study 167

A Study on the Economic Valuation of Environmental Externalities from Landfill Disposal and

Incineration of Waste

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List of Abbreviations